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ABSTRACT
This work evaluated the effect of aqueous garlic extract on the rehabilitation of atherosclerosis in guinea pigs. Six guinea pigs after acclimatization where induced with cholesterol with a control, after which the aqueous garlic extract was administered to the animals except the control. Blood samples from these animals were collected and taken to the laboratory for cholesterol determination. The findings of this study showed that there was a reduction in cholesterol level in the animals to which aqueous garlic extract was administered. This indicated that aqueous garlic extract rehabilitated the condition of atherosclerosis. Therefore this study recommended that aqueous garlic extract can be used for the rehabilitation of atherosclerosis condition.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE:
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….…ix
LIST OF FIGURE…………………………………………………………………………..x
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 4
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 6
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 6
1.7 DEFINITION OF KEYWORDS 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 POTENTIALLY ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GARLIC 8
2.2 THE ROLE OF GARLIC IN HEALTH 10
2.3 REDUCTION OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND HYPERTENSION 12
2.4 AS NATURAL BLOOD THINNER 13
2.5 GARLIC USED TO PREVENT DIABETES 13
2.5.1 ANTICANCER 14
2.5.2 DERMATOLOGIC APPLICATION 16
2.5.3 ANTIMICROBIAL 17
2.5.4 ANTIFUNGAL 17
2.5.5 ROLE OF GARLIC AGAINST MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA 19
2.5.6 REDUCES STRESS 19
2.6 GARLIC INHIBITION OF PLATELET AGGREGATION 21
2.6.1 ANIMAL STUDIES 21
2.6.2 HUMAN STUDY 25
2.6.3 POSSIBLE MECHANISM 28
2.6.4 ADVERSE EFFECTS IN ANIMAL STUDY 29
2.7 DRUG TOXICITIES AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF GARLIC 31
2.7.1 ADVERSE EFFECT OF GARLIC IN HUMAN STUDY 31
2.8 PREPARATION OF GARLIC AND THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 32
2.9 THE USE OF GARLIC IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HYPERLIPIDEAMIA ……………………………………………………………………………………………….36
2.10 ATHEROSCLEROSIS 37
2.10.1 CAUSES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 39
2. 10.2 SYMPTOMS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 40
2.10.3 RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS 42
CHAPTER THREE 47
MATERIALS AND METHOD 47
3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION 47
3.2 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 47
3.2.1 PREPARATION OF GARLIC EXTRACT 47
3.2.2 SAMPLE BLOOD COLLECTION FOR ANALYSIS DAY ONE 47
CHAPTER FOUR 49
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 49
4.2 DISCUSSION 51
CHAPTER FIVE 55
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 55
5.1 CONCLUSION 55
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 56
REFERENCES 57
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Natural product of animals, plants and microbial sources have being used by man for thousands of years either in the pure form or crude extract to treat many disease (Parekh 2007). Garlic is one of those plants those plants that where seriously investigated over several years and used for century to fight infectious diseases (Onyeayba 2005).The early Egyptians used garlic to treat diarrhea and its medical power was described on the walls of ancient temples and on papyrus dating to (Bradley 2008). It was used by Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen to treat intestinal and extra -intestinal diseases; ancient Japanese and Chinese used it to treat common colds, fever, hay and asthma. Garlic is nicknamed as Russian penicillin for its widespread used as a topical and systematic antimicrobial agents it is commonly used in many cultures as an excitement and reputation of healing power (Timbo 2006).
Several clinical reports, including meta-analysis have revealed cholesterol lowering effect of garlic supplementation in humans (Hodgeman, 2006; Sivak 2007). Such report has increased public awareness the potential cardiovascal benefits of garlic. Garlic and garlic extract have being postulated to impact cardio vascular benefits through multiple mechanisms.
Age has been shown to lower low density lipoprotein (LDL), reduce the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, improve vascular function and have a favourable effect on oxidative biomarkers. Age has effect in coronary atherosclerosis by preventing smooth muscle cell transformation and proliferation, preventing entry of lipid into artery wall s and macrophage and also directly suppressing atherosclerosis. Age have being shown to also have beneficial effect on arterial function by inhibiting the damage of nitric acid synthesis (Morihara 2005). Age helps to modulate cardiovascular risk factors by lowering blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation and adhesion, lowering cholesterol LDL oxidation and smoking-induced oxidative damage (Campbell 2005).
Among the functional foods, use of garlic is increasing daily because its health promoting potentials beside basic nutrition. Health promoting aspect of garlic are mainly accredited to its sulfur containing compounds mainly allicin and s-allay cysteine among organosulfur compounds, thiosulfinates, ajones and allicin (diallyl thiosulphate) are the chief bioactive components in garlic .Considering the importance, majority of the garlic supplement are sold today in the form of garlic tablets standardized on amount of allicin concentration. In garlic agueous extract, there is abundance of s- allay cysteine and s-ally mercepto cysteine involved in lowering cholesterol. Oxidation of cholesterol fraction especially of low density lipoprotein (LDL), is playing is a cardinal role in atherosclerosis development (Sterling 2004). Garlic being a traditional medicine is used to improve the lipid profile, garlic and its different supplementation holds remarkable effect on cholesterol level, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol consumption of garlic and garlic preparation are very useful in regulating plasma lipid (Lan 2006).
In Africa, particularly in Nigeria is used to treat abdominal discomfort such as diarrhea, otitis media and respiratory tract infections. Different garlic product have become popular in the market owing to number of pharmaceutical preparations .Garlic acquired a reputation over centuries as herb associated with a low risk of cardiovascular diseases and has attracted particular attention of modern medicine because of its widespread health use around the world. Hence this present work is designed evaluate the garlic extract for rehabilitation of atherosclerosis using guinea pig as case study.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Garlic and its preparation have being recognized as agent for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic disease such as hyperlypidermia, thrombosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Effectiveness of garlic in cardiovascular disease was more encouraging in experimental studies, which promoted several clinical trials. Though many clinical trials showed a positive effect of garlic on almost all cardiovascular conditions mentioned above. However a number of negative studies have recently cast doubt on the efficacy of garlic specially its cholesterol lowering effect of garlic. It has being a great challenge for scientists all over the world to make proper use of garlic and enjoy its maximum beneficial effect as it is the cheapest way to prevent cardiovascular disease. Hence this review has attempted to bridge the gap between experimental and clinical study and to discuss the rehabilitation of atherosclerosis condition with garlic extract using guinea pig as case study.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this work is to evaluate aqueous garlic extract for the rehabilitation of atherosclerosis condition using guinea pig. To achieve this aim the following objectives are stated for these studies.
• To extract the aqueous extract from garlic.
• To induce the condition of atherosclerosis in guinea pig.
• To determine the rehabilitation of atherosclerosis condition in guinea pig using the aqueous garlic extracts.
• To determine the maximum volume of aqueous garlic extract for rehabilitation.
• To make recommendation.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is to bridge the gap between experimental and clinical study by providing baseline information for both the researchers and non-researchers. It also indicates that suppressed LDL oxidation may be one of the powerful mechanisms accounted for the benefits garlic in atherosclerosis.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
Garlic is one of the medicinal plants which have shown beneficial effects on atherosclerosis risk factors, the liver Xreceptor a (LXRa) is an important regulatory of cholesterol that belong to the nuclear superfamily. In this study we are investigating the effect of aqueous garlic on lipid profile for the reduction of cholesterol in the condition of atherosclerosis.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study the evaluation of garlic extract for the rehabilitation of atherosclerosis using guinea pig as case study did not consider the type of garlic and its availability in the market. There was difficulty getting related materials at time of writing. Fund was another limiting factor encountered as the time of this research work.
1.7 DEFINITION OF KEYWORDS
ATHEROSCLEROSIS: This is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body.
REHABILITATION: This is the process of restoring (something) to their former state, reputation, possessions, status or original condition.
GARLIC (Allium Sativu.m L. Fam. Liliaceae): This is a widely distributed plant. Nowadays, it is cultivated all over the world. In our region, it is the most important preventive remedy, a universal folk spice and food, a well-trusted remedy. In the past, garlic has been utilized as a remedy during the various epidemics such as typhus, dysentery, cholera, influenza, and whenever an epidemic has emerged, garlic has been the first preventive and curative remedy.
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