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ABSTRACT
The project was aimed at examining the microbiological and physio-chemical characteristics of Kono Coastal Water Front in Kono, Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State. Composite water samples from two locations were evaluated for total coliform, faecal coliform and total heterotrophic bacteria contents. The Physiochemical characteristics were also analyzed. The results obtained were compared with WHO standards. Total coliform count average was 10cful/ml. The total heterotrophic count average was 1.67x105cfu/ml while the bacteriological analyses revealed that the water samples did not meet the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The physiochemical analysis also revealed very high DO, BOD levels. Conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids levels were less in comparison with WHO standards. Nitrate content was very higher and the hardness was less. In view of the above results there is need for the Government at both State and Local Government levels to attend to proper management of Kono Coastal Water Front. This will protect the coastal communities around the area from waterborne diseases and other unpleasant environmental consequences.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
CERTIFICATION vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 4
2.2 WATER POLLUTION 4
2.2.1 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION 5
2.2.2 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION 6
2.3 POLLUTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 6
2.4 EFFECTS OF POLLUTION NAD AQUATIC SYSTEMS 7
2.4.1 PHYSIO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS 7
2.4.2 THE TOXIC EFFECTS 8
2.4.3 PATHOGENIC EFFECTS 8
2.5 POLLUTION OF COASTAL WATERS 8
2.5.1 MONITORING AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN COASTAL WATERS 9
2.6 WATER QUALITY 10
2.6.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 10
2.6.1.1 EFFLUENT STANDARDS 11
2.6.1.2 THE STREAM STANDARDS 11
CHAPTER THREE 12
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS 12
3.1 MATERIAL USED 12
3.2 REAGENTS USED 12
3.3 SAMPLING LOCATION 13
3.4 SAMPLING FREQUENCY 13
3.5 METHOD USED 13
CHAPTER FOUR 19
4.0 RESULTS 19
4.2 DISCUSSION 19
CHAPTER FIVE 22
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22
REFERENCES 23
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is one of the most essential needs for the continued existence of all living organisms and human on earth, the day-to-day activities of all living organisms require water. In some form so it is effectively and efficiently put into use by plants, animals, microorganisms and man in the microbial world. No single microorganisms has been discovered to be active at the extreme lack of water for the singular reason that man cannot exist without water, it is of paramount important to monitor domestic water supply, this is because water has been traced to be one of the way of humans can be infected with various kinds of diseases. In water borne infection, pathogens are usually spread by water contaminated with untreated or poorly treated sewage, therefore it is necessary to determine the quality of water in order to understand the level of microbial load and the amount of microorganisms present in particular water before consumption. Water quality is determined by the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of the water. These water quality characteristics varies worldwide, hence there is the need for quality of natural water resources to be established in terms of the specific water quality characteristics. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents leads to member of conspicuous effects on various environments. The impact involves gross changes in water quality including a number of parameters viz. dissolved oxygen, ammonia, water turbidity. Such kinds of water quality change have both short and long term consequences on aquatic ecosystem. On a worldwide scale, the pollution of water supplies is probably responsible for more human illness than any other environmental influences. In addition, chemical contamination also leads to serious health hazards. Toxic metals, pesticides and aromatics were often taken up the human beings through foods and drinks. The body burden of these toxicants increases day by day, so that a variety of complex physiological as well as pathological diseases manifest in course of time. Contaminants from land reach the marine environment by a variety of pathway. Coastal outfalls discharge directly to shore waters, bays and open coastal areas (Santra, 2010).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The increasing and none stop pollution of Kono waterside jetty, located in Khana, Rivers State in the South Eastern Niger Delta has become a source of concern to inhabitants of this coastal town as a result of poor environmental waste management initiatives. Rainfall, with its concomitant soil erosion and surface run-off, domestic sewage, discharge, lumbering activities contribute to the biogenic and anthropogenic load of the river etc. Also the release of contaminated and uncontaminated dredged materials from dredging, fishing activities and net and boat washings, human defecations, bathing, dumping of refuse etc as well as the pressure of a petroleum filling station. The consequences of these unchecked activities are the exposure of the surrounding coastal inhabitants to unprecedented impact from these contaminants. Hence there is the need for quality assessment of this coastline town water.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The present study is aimed at assessing and determining the quality of the water with the following specific objectives.
(i) To determine microbial quality of the water in terms of the following, total coliform, faecal coliform and total heterotrophic count.
(ii) To determine the physiochemical parameters of the water in terms of the followings: total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total hardness, total electrical conductivity, nitrate content as well as the temperature and pH of the water.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be significant to Kono Community as it will tend to establish a baseline level of contaminants present in the coastal water and create some environmental awareness of the dangers of pollution and the need for careful environment management of the waterfront by both local and state government.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope is the assessment of selected physiochemical and bacteriological parameters of the water.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined in accordance to their uses in this study.
1. Pathogen: These include bacterial fungi, viruses and other microorganisms that can cause a disease condition to the health of an individual or group of people in a given area.
2. Microorganisms: These include both the harmful and harmless living organisms that make up the surrounding and the ecosystem that can only be seen with the aids of a microscope.
3. Pollution: This is the process by which human activities has lead to the environment in such a level that they cause harm to the health of the people living in such environment.
4. Ecosystem: This is used to describe the interactivity, connectivity, interdependence and interrelation that exist between all living organisms that make up the environment, such as man, animals plants and microorganisms.
5. Hazard: This describe conditions, materials, or substance that are harmful and can posed the danger of health effect to human, animals and other organisms exposed to it.
6. Temperature: This is used to describe the degree of hotness of coldness of the body of an object or the environment in general.
7. Faecal Matter: This described the waste or excrement passed or discharged from the bowels of human into the environment or in water bodies.
8. pH: This is use to described the measures of the concentration of acidic, basic or alkaline materials found in the environment or in water.
9. Faecal coliform: This described the bacterial that inhibit the intestine of man or mammals that are passed into the surrounding with faeces.
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