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ABSTRACT
Creative innovation and entrepreneurship development is gathering enormous momentum in the world inadequate laboratory facilities in most tertiary institution have caused a serious setback in demonstrating the required practical’s enshrined in curricula. In this project a locally fabricated orifice meter was tested. Experiments were conducted to calibrate and test its efficiency compared to ISO Standard apparatus results showed that the apparatus is variable and gave same value of discharge and coefficient of discharge as the ISO approved equipment. The lines of best fit in the graph of the fabricated orifice meter of the actual discharge and theoretical discharge show that the QA (Actual discharge is less than Qth theoretical discharge). Key word-orifice meter, fabricated, discharge coefficient, orifice plate, PVC materials, Reynolds number.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page
Title page……………………………………………………………………………………..i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
AKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES 2
1.4 AIMS 2
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 2
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION 4
2.2 INCOMPRESSIBLE NEWTONIAN FLOW 4
2.3 COMPRESSIBLE NEWTONIAN FLOW 8
2.4 NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW 9
2.5 NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION 10
2.6 INCOMPRESSIBLE NEWTONIAN-FLOW 12
CHAPTER THREE 19
3.0 DESIGN AND FABRICATION 19
3.1 Design consideration 19
3.2 Calibration Of Orifice Plate 23
3.3 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 25
3.4 SEQUENCIAL OPERATION OF THE PLUMBING WORK 27
CHAPTER FOUR 33
4.1 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 33
4.2 Testing Procedure 34
4.3 SAFETY PRECAUTION 38
CHAPTER FIVE 39
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 39
5.1 Conclusion 39
5.2 Recommendation 39
References 41
Appendix A 42
Appendix B 43
First orthographic projection 43
Appendix C 44
Finished work 44
Glossary 45
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Pressure loss is the decrease in pressure level between two points in a flow section caused by fluid friction, both internal and external itself. Pressure loss is directly related to fluid velocity, specific gravity, viscosity and size. It is a critical element in valve sizing and valve selection. Potential pressure drop must these losses are commonly experienced in the oil and gas industry and in most laboratory apparatus. They are also common phenomenon in the automotive and hydraulic application.
These losses arises as a result of friction on the pipe or as a result of the length of the pipe or pipe diameter, they are usually termed head loss. To account for the total head loss in a flow line the total head loss is subtracted from the minor losses. Because these fluid flow through small openings that can be simulated by small-diameter round sharp edge. Orifices these fluids are highly viscous and in many instances their properties vary with temperature and pressure orifice plates are most commonly used for continuous measurement they are also used in some small river system to culvert or drain. Some of these fluids are rheological (i.e non Newtonian) and are frequently encountered in food processing and chemical industries. In such applications the flow remains laminar even at a large flow rate.
In practical application orifices have varying thickness governed by consideration such as component strength manufacturability. The proposed research therefore addresses the problem of relating flow rate to pressure loss across an orifice in a laboratory flow tine.
It works on the Bernoulli’s principle which states that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. Most of the prior researches conducted establishes orifice as construction type flow meter. The standard convention for relating orifice discharge. Coefficient (cd) is Q= A.V or √(2∆P/ρ) and they typically have diameter ratios (β) in the range of 0.2 to 0.75
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Back of Laboratory equipment in our laboratory is a serious problem that has resulted in graduating half baked engineers. In some cases the apparatuses are available but are malfunctioning in view of the fact that they have been abandoned. They are abandoned because they have either absolute or operation manual and effective training of technicians and technologist have being ignored the apparatus are sometime bought in dilapidated condition, painted and showcased for the purpose of securing accreditation in institution it was this problem that lead to the idea of locally fabricating some laboratory equipment to bridge the gap that has been avoidably created.
OBJECTIVES
Determines the flow rate for a given pressure drop for different orifice plates in a flow line.
AIMS
To investigate pressure head losses across orifice in series.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Our thoughts are very significant because they will help solve the problem of inefficient laboratory apparatus.
Also they will enhance creative technological innovation and entrepreneurship development. It will also optimize cost since local materials that are readily available in virtually all our shops can be exposed.
Since it is produce locally there is no need to invite expatriate from the developed world to train local technicians and technologist on operation and maintenance of the apparatus. Time and cost will be minimized as such training can be executed with little or no cost.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The apparatus is used for measurement of flow in pipe and the results obtained are used to determine the discharge coefficient of such pipes. It is a conduct that has restriction installed to create a pressure drop. A thin pound sharp edged orifice is used as the flow restriction. It is necessary to empirically calibrate it before using it for measurement.
This is done by passing a known volume through the meter and noting the reading in order to provide a standard for measuring other quantities. In view of the fact that it is easy to construct and duplicate, the thin round sharp edged orifice was adopted as a standard extensive calibration work was done so that it is widely accepted as a standard means of measuring fluids provided the standard mechanics of construction were followed therefore no further calibration is required.