Complete Material Cost #3,000
Order for Complete Material now
Abstract
Design of a cassava shredding/chipping machine which has two modes of operation was made. It can be powered either by electricity or manually. It takes care of power failure problems, and can be used in rural settlements where electricity supply is not in existence. Cassava is fed with the Machine through the hopper made of metal sheet to the granting drum, which rotates at a constant speed of this process shreds the cassava tubers in chips or hopper. The chute constructed of metal sheet accepts the tubers and send it out because of its inclination which is operated manually. About 5kg of the tubers are loaded per batch, and the machine cassava efficiency was found to 92.4%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
Abstract vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 INTRODCTION 1
1.2 Problems Statement 3
1.4.1 Aim 4
1.4.2 Objective of the project 4
1.5 Scope of the project 4
1.6 Significance of the project 4
CHAPTER TWO 6
LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 HISTORY 6
2.2 Summary of Literature Review 20
CHAPTER THREE 21
DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND DESIGN ANALYSIS 21
3.1 Design Considerations 21
3.2 Design Analysis 22
3.2.1 To determine the size of the hopper 22
3.2.2 Design of the driven mechanism 23
3.2.3 Belt design 27
3.3 Material selection 27
CHAPTER FOUR 30
MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY 30
4.1 Fabrication Techniques 30
CHAPTER FIVE 37
5.1 TESTING/RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37
5.2 Machine Efficiency Calculation 38
CHAPTER SIX 40
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION 40
6.1 Conclusion 40
6.2 Recommendations 40
REFERENCES 42
APPENDIXES 43
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cassava originated from Latin America and was later introduced to Asia in the 17th century and to Africa in about 1558. (Ikugbayigbe, 1992) Cassava, (maniocEscalantecrantz) is of the botanical family euphorbiaaceae, it is important in many developing tropical countries such as the tropical parts of Africa, Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines, and west India. It is said that Africa accounts for more than half? About 88 million tons of cassava i.e. 55% of the world production (FAO 2007).
In Nigeria, cassava is mostly grown on small farms, usually intercropped with vegetables, plantation crops, yam, sweet potatoes, melon, maize, etc. (FAO 2004) Cassava is propagated by 20 –30 cm long cutting of the wood stem, spacing between plants is usually 1-1.5 meters. Intercropping with bean, maize, and other annual crops is practiced in young cassava plantations (UGIOU 1996).
There are two common varieties of cassava, namely, the bitter and sweet varieties. The cyanide content differs as well as suitability for different growing and consumption conditions. Usually, higher cyanide is correlated to high yields. Nigeria is the world largest producer of cassava tuber in the world, producing about 49 million tonnes of the world’s 174.0 tonnes (CIITA 1996, UGWU 1996).
Over the past 25 years significant market opportunities for cassava have opened up in the animal feed industry, initially in the EEC (European Economic Community) countries but more recently for the rapidly expanding animal feed industries of tropical developing countries.
Cassava has several advantages compared to other carbohydrates, especially other root crops. It has a high productivity under marginal climatic conditions, which results in a low cost raw material. Root dry matter content is higher than other root crops at 35-40%, giving optimum rates of 25:1 or better. Over 85%? consists of highly digestible starch. Cassava starch has excellent agglutinant properties which make it especially suitable for shrimps and fish feeds, replacing expensive artificial agglutinants (FAO, 2007).
The potential disadvantages of cassava roots are their bulk and rapid perish ability, their low protein content, and the presence of cyanide in all root tissues (DZISI, 1997). Through simple processing the disadvantages of bulk and perish ability can be overcome. A stable product is reached when moisture content falls below 14%. (Practica Action, 2010) Natural drying is widely used to achieve this objective. Drying also permits the elimination of most of the cyanide from root tissues. The dried cassava product thus has only one disadvantage with respect to other carbohydrate feed sources: low protein content. This can be overcome through price competitiveness. For (Source) export markets, where transportation over thousands of kilometres is necessary, further processing to produce high density pellets is carried out to minimize transport cost.
Cassava is the third largest source of low cost carbohydrates among crop plants and known to be one of the major crops what of Nigeria. This makes the chipping or shredding of large quantity of cassava difficult. According to chipping of the already peeled cassava, perineum is essential. Some of the world farmers process their cassava for food business by producing products like Cassava chips which are sold locally in the municipality why? With the aid of the community based participatory Action Research.
1.2 Problems Statement
From the survey conducted, it was discovered that most of the cassava shredder in the research area are usually corroding (reducing service life) due to the acidic nature of the cassava fluid and materials used for the fabrication. To ensure all cassava products is free from any taste, odour, or infected by iron content of parts (food poisoning) which may affect the quality of their contents (FAO/GIEWS, 2001), there is need to modify the design and use appropriate. Materials, manual chipping or shying of cassava tubing into chips involves much drudgery and is time consuming.
1.4.1 Aim
To design and develop a cassava chipping machine.
1.4.2 Objective of the project
The objective of this project is to design and fabricate a cassava shredding machine that utilizes the an effective method of shredding Cassava in order to eliminate the under listed problems caused by the manual method;
- Time consuming: To reduce time consumed using manual on chipping
- Low efficiency: To improve on the capacity of existing chipping machine
- Quantity of product: To ensure quality cassava chips, by eliminating product contamination.
- Economic effective|: To develop a cost effective and affordable chipping machine for local productions.
1.5 Scope of the project
The scope of this project encompasses the design and fabrication of cassava shredding machine using mechanical method.
1.6 Significance of the project
The significance of the cassava shredding machine involves the following;
Objectives
o It is easy to maintain,
o It is economical,
o It is durable,
o It’s affordable
It Increases the Rate of Productivity,
It makes the production process of our locally made food called ‘Abarcha’ easier and faster for the producer. Again chipping machine is scanty in the country, especially Rivers State where cassava is cultivated in, all the L.G.A and it is eaten as tapioca & abacha.