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ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determined the concentration of heavy metals such as Mercury(Hg), Cadmium(Cd), Lead(Pb), and Iron(Fe) in commonly used eye pencil. A total of ten(10) samples of different brands of eye pencils were purchased from cosmetic stores, open market in Bori and sent to laboratory for analysis of heavy metals using standard analytical procedures. Results shows that the concentration of cadmium ranged from 0.0684-6.08mg/kg, lead ranged from 0.055-0.1073mg/kg, and iron concentration ranged from 0.01017-9.14mg/kg. Mercury was not detected in all the samples of eye pencils analyzed. Fe was not detected in sample EYPS11. The low concentration of these heavy metals indicate that the eye pencils analyzed are not contaminated with heavy metals and as such safe for use. Therefore, to maintain the present state of the eye pencils, there should be regular testing program to check these heavy metals in eye pencils and other cosmetic products that are been marketed and consumed within Bori metropolis.
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
AGE ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
CHAPTER 1 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7
CHAPTER 2 8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
CHAPTER 3 11
3.0 METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 MATERIALS USED 11
3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION 12
3.4 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 12
CALCULATION FOR RESULT 13
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18
4.1 RESULTS: 18
4.2 DISCUSSION: 20
CHAPTER 5 22
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 22
5.1 CONCLUSION 22
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 22
REFERENCES 24
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Heavy metals refers to any metallic element has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisons even at low concentration (Lenntech, 2014). They are found naturally in the environment in rocks, water and soil. Therefore, they exist in the manufacture of pigments and be used in trace quantities into raw materials used in the manufacture of the various cosmetic product available to users.
Most of the cosmetic product used by both male and female community has been shown to contain various types of heavy metals in different proportions. Heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, lead and iron have been described as highly toxic and carcinogens, exhibiting wide ranging toxic effects on many bodily systems, including the nervous, endocrine, renal, musculoskeletal, immunological and cardiovascular systems.
Cosmetics are products applied to the body for the purpose of cleansing, beautifying or improving appearance and enhancing attractive features (Singh, 2010). These products include cold cream, hand cream, eye cream, astringents, after shave lotion, talcum powder, body paints, shampoo, conditioners, hair mousse, styling gel. a subset of cosmetic that has to do with beautifying of the face is regarded as make up and examples of this are eye brow eye pencil, mascara, eye shadow, eye liner, rough blusher, tone lipstick, lip gloss, losse powder and pancake (Claeyessens, 2009).
Cosmetics are mixture of some surfactants, oils and other ingredients and are required to be effective, long-lasting, stable and safe for human use. the various forms of cosmetics include lipsticks and lipgloss (used to colour the lips), powder and rough (used to colour the face, lightening and removing flaws to produce an impression of health and youth), mascara (used to enhance the eye lashes), eye liner and eye shadow(used to colour the eye lids), and nail polish (used to colour the finger nails and toe nails. there is a general belief that even with the regulation of many cosmetic products, there are still health concerns regarding the presence of harmful chemicals within these products.)
Eye pencil is a cosmetic used to define internet the eyes. it applied around the contour of the eye(s) to create a variety of aesthetic effect. eye pencil is commonly used in a daily make up routine to define the eye or create the look of a wider or smaller eye, it can be drawn above upper lashes or below lower lashes or both, even on the waterline of your eyes. it’s primary purpose is to make the lashes look lush, but it also draws attention to the eye and can enhance or even change the eye shape.
Black-antimony which was used as eyeliner in ancient Egypt (Badeeb et al, 2008) is still being used by Northerners in Nigeria (Chukwuma, 1997). Black-Antimony is known locally in Nigeria as “Tiro, Otanjele and Buje”(George et al. 2006). Black antimony has been reported to contain up to 81% lead and is mostly harvested from the Eastern part of Nigeria. The mineral antimony (Sb) with atomic weight 121.75 is very white and more shining than silver (Biringuccio, 1990). In combination with sulfur in stibnite (Sb2 S3), it is found within layers of rock where it is excavated. This natural material is usually ground into fine crystalline powder and poured into a metallic cone shaped container from where with the aid of thin stick is used to draw a straight line on the eyes. The local application of the eye is believed to serve as treatment of ophthalmologic infections and as an eye cleanser (Chukwuma, 1997).
Kohl a type of customary cosmetic product used for eyeliner in the Middle East, contains more than 50% of lead. The traditional eye cosmetic to be put around the eye is commonly known as kohl. Other names may be used such as kajal, al-kohl or surma.
Kajal is a popular eye care product and its use has been reported since ancient times. It has also been used for the prevention and treatment of eye diseases such as blepharitis, cataract, conjunctivitis etc. It is also said to ward off an ‘evil eye’
The use of kohl as eyeliner is a popular practice in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The use kohl for medical and cosmetic purpose can be traced back over many centuries. Medically, it is used to stop bleeding and after circumcision for hygienic measures. All ethnic communities and people belonging to different religions use kohl in these areas of the world.
Eye cosmetic such as eye pencil has been identified as a suspected source of lead exposure to the ocular system in a number of adults and children. The use of leaded eye cosmetic have been observed to be strongly correlated with elevated blood Pb level (Bergback et al., 1992; Koller et al., 2004).
Lead and cadmium are described as the most dangerous contaminant to arise in human civilization due to the extent that they are distributed in the environment as polluting elements. The toxicity of Pb and Cd at high level of exposure is well known, but continual exposure to relatively low level of Pb may entails adverse health hazard effects. An increase of Pb, Cd, Hg and Fe may cause serious health hazard such as acute and chronic poisoning, pathological change of organs and diseases related to cardiovascular, kidney, bones and liver and they can even cause cancer owing to excessive accumulation in human body.
The skin of the eyelid is the most susceptible to eczemas, irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Heavy metals contamination is one of the most important reasons behind the same problem. The main human problem that occur due to Pb toxicity are stomach pain, unconsciousness, anaemia, infertility, nervous system disorder. Heavy metals like Pb, Hg, Cd and Fe can be absorbed by children and women skin through using cosmetic products.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Several researches have related the cause of some health issues to the presence of heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and iron as impurities.
The use of some heavy metals in cosmetics has been controversial due to the biological accumulation of those metals and their toxicity in the human body.
Mercury, lead, cadmium and iron which may be an impurity is a proven neurotoxin linked to learning, language and behavioral problems. It has also been linked to miscarriage, reduced fertility in man and woman, hormonal changes, menstrual irregularities and delays in puberty onset in girls.
Lead is a toxic element and can affect many organs in the human body. Its continuous and long-term exposure through dermal, environment or other sources may cross the allowable limits for the human body and could reach the level of significant toxicity thus causing serious health problem of acute or chronic nature.
Although, the skin provides a protective barrier, the penetration or use of a substance in the oral cavity on face, lips, eyes and mucosa may also produce human systemic exposure.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to determine the concentration of Hg, Cd, Pb, and Fe in eye pencil.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study is to examine the metals content of eye pencil commonly used in Nigeria.
To focus on the assessment of health risk due to the measured concentration of some heavy metals in eye pencil commonly used.
To detect the presence of Hg, Cd, Pb, and Fe in eye pencil.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The outcome of this study, will help to create awareness among eye pencil users of the presence of hazardous heavy metals associated with eye pencil in order to reduce their level of exposure which can result in acute or chronic poisoning. Despite the high global demand for cosmetic product the safety of these products is of great concern and has attracted the attention of researchers, toxicologists and regulators with the common objective of ensuring the safety level of ingredient in the product.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study covers the determination of heavy metals in eye pencil of ten (10) different brands. These brands of eye pencil would be analyzed to identify the content of some selected heavy metals discovering their effects and to identify the particular brand that may be less hazardous to the users.
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