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ABSTRACT
Oil pollution is the reverse of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the marine ecosystem. Fungi play a major role in bioremediation. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the type of fungi that can survive in the oil polluted sediment. Sediment samples were obtained from K-dere community in Gokana LGA, Rivers State and prepared by mixing 10g of the sample with 90ml of water. Agar was also prepared and a 10 fold in 5th order serial dilution was prepared. A spread plot method was used in the isolation and enumeration of fungal isolate. The identification of fungal isolate was done microscopically and macroscopically from the study, the fungi observed were Candida sp, Mucor sp, and Rhizopus.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDMENT iii
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ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 3
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY. 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE OF STUDY 4
CHAPTER 2 5
DISCUSSION (LITERATURE REVIEW) 5
2.1. OIL POLLUTION 5
2.2. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION 5
2.3 FUNGI 7
2.4. BIOREMEDIATION 8
CHAPTER 3 10
METHODOLOGY 10
3.1. MATERIALS 10
3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION 10
3.3. AGAR PREPARATION 11
3.4. ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF FUNGAL ISOLATE 11
3.5. IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGAL ISOLATE 11
CHAPTER 4 13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13
4.2 RESULTS 13
4.2 DISCUSSION 15
CHAPTER 5 16
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 16
5.1 CONCLUSION 16
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 16
REFERENCE 17
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Oil pollution is a major concern in our environment due to its high environmental damage to both aquatic and terrestrial habitat thus affecting the organisms that live there. Crude oil is a dark brown viscous liquid that contains both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon. It is mainly composed of hydrocarbon i.e. hydrogen and carbon although there are other atoms that can combine with the carbon either in an aromatic or aliphatic compound atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and the halogens. Hydrocarbon are composed of single hydrocarbon e.g. alkanes isopoaraffins oletin and nonhydeocarbon compounds. The majority of crude oil transportation and exploration is done offshore and consequently aquatic habitat are mostly exposed to certain danger.
When oil rigs blow up or pipeline ruptures or a tanker runs underground and oil begins to sink into marine environment leading to crude oil spills. It affects the fragile underwater ecosystem. This also occurs when oil is produced, stored, processed or used at seas or land. Crude oil spillage affects the microbial community in respect to catastrophic oil spills in marine and freshwater environment and reduces microbial activity. It also covers the water surface and reduces the amount of oxygen available to aquatic lives before they die and sink. When sedimentation occurs, the organism’s ability to feed, move and reproduce is greatly reduced. Crude oil spillage causes environmental degradation thereby affecting the soil fertility. It clogged the pores that lets air into the soil and damages the biota residing in the soil including the microorganisms and plants.
There are many microorganisms affected by crude oil spillage on marine/terrestrial habitat of which fungi is included. Fungi is a class of microbes that are eukaryotic in nature and based on the amount of cell they have, they are classified under Unicellular and multicellular organisms. They are further classified as molds it yeasts, the yeast is single celled while the molds are multicellular. Marine fungi are fungi species that live in marine habitat and they include; Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Chytrids and Mitosporic fungi. Fungi found in terrestrial habitat includes; Zygomycota, Glomeromycota and parasitic Ascomycota.
Gokana is a community situated at the southern part of Rivers State and an agro-ecological area in the Niger-delta region of Nigeria with abundant natural resources including good rivers for fishery, fertile land for agriculture and a good weather. It is the base of Nigerian oil and gas industry where oil exploration and activities is being carried out and by so doing the community is exposed to certain hazards associated with drilling of crude oil which is oil spillage (Odujuvwuederhie et al., 2007). This hazard has resulted to the destruction of wildlife, loss of fertile soil, pollution of air and water and ecological problems like soil erosion, adverse effect on the life, health, and economy of the people (Aghalino, 2000), therefore determination of fungi found in marine/terrestrial sediment polluted by oil spills will be of interest in this research.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Fungi are of great economic importance and like most microbes are affected by oil spillage thus this affects the fungi Flora in the habitat affected by the spillage. The adaptability of fungi in crude oil polluted sediments in marine/terrestrial habitat is a major concern here, it is essential to determine the type of fungi that can survive in the oil polluted sediments as it can then be used for bioremediation.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY.
This study is aimed at the collection, determination, identification and preparation of a pure culture of the fungi found in K-dere community in Gokana LGA of River State.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE OF STUDY
This research will cover the assessment of fungi and fungal population of sediments of marine/terrestrial habitat found in K-dere community in Gokana LGA, Rivers State Nigeria. The sediments used for study are polluted by oil spillage and is gotten from a marine/terrestrial habitat.
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