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Abstract
The need to divert from orthodox medicine is the current global concern.This work is aimed at the determination of the antimicrobial effect of garlic, honey and human urine against some entero-pathogens. Antibacteria activity of aqueousand ethanaolic extract of garlic, honey, and urine were examine against some gram negative bacteria (Salmonella, Enterobacter and Klebsiella). The concentration of the extracts used was 300mglml, 200mg/ml and 100ml/ml.The results evaluated by zones of inhibition showed that the ethanolic extract at 300mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml were inhibitory to all test organisms. The aqueous extract of Garlic at the various concentrations tested was active against the tested organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were l00mg/ml for the three organisms while others were selective. This result confirmed the efficacy of Garlic extract against Salmonella, Enterobacter and Klebsiella. This also indicates that Garlic can be used as medicine against pathogensparticularly of these bacteria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The increase in death rate in developing country is majorly caused by disease cause by human pathogens. Antibacterial agents are essentially important in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases. However, as resistant pathogens develop and spread, the effectiveness of the antibiotics is diminished. This type of bacterial resistance to the antibacterial agents poses a very serious threat to public health, and for all kinds of antibiotics, including the major last-resort drugs, the frequencies of resistance are increasing worldwide (Levy et al., 2004; Mandal et al., 2009). Bacterial resistance to antibiotics increases mortality likelihood of hospitalization and length of stay in the hospital (Winstanley, 1997).
Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of several human diseases over the century and have been very important in the health care delivery of every nation at one stage or the other (Oluma,et al., 2004). Recent research has focused on natural plant product as alternatives to the existing drugs for disease remedy in developing countries. Plant derived medicines have been part of traditional health care in most parts of the world for ages and there is increasing interest in them as sources of agents to fight microbial diseases. The development of multiple antibiotic resistant organisms has constituted a global problem as far as treatment of some infectious diseases is concerned. Bacteriahas since 1989 developed simultaneously, resistance to conventional antibiotics of choice in several endemic areas (Greenwood et al., 2009).
The vehicles of transmission of this etiologic agent are mainly food, water blood and sexual intercourse. Several other disease-causing organisms of medical importance have also developed resistance to these conventional antibiotics. Infectious diseases still remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in man, especially in developing countries. Today, in Africa, many resort to the use of locally made herbal medicines prepared as infusions in hot water, decoction in cold water,concoction with food and as tinctures with alcohol as an alternative therapy.
Beside medicinal plants antibacterial properties of honey, urine and garlic has been reported by many scientist including; Shyamapada et al., (2010),Charmi, et al., (2011), and Deresse et al., (2011). Some of these researchers meticulously study antibacterial properties of these substances against organisms like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. Klebssiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogens. All of which are human pathogens. Honey Garlic and urine have been shown to possess bacteristatic and bactericidal actions againstbacteria indicating either positive or negative to Grams test.Shyamapada et al., (2010) also reported that other non-medicinal plant has minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of useful significant range for clinical pathogens.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Nowadays multiple drug resistance has developed due to the indiscriminate use of commercial Antibacterial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious disease. In addition to this problem, antibiotics are sometimes associated with adverse effects on the host including hypersensitivity, immune-suppression and allergic reactions. This situation forced Scientists to search for new antibacterial substances. Given the alarming incidences of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of medical importance, there is a constant need for new and effective therapeutic agents.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The use of natural products like garlic, honey and urine to combat disease may be an effective weapon against multi-drug resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria in human. Garlic concentrate as an antimicrobial is effective againstbacteria as such is a cheap medication that can be used in hospital and at homes.Urine as an antibiotic is effect in prevention of bacteria pathogenic infections.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.4.1 AIM
This work is aimed at the determination of the antimicrobial effect of garlic, honey and human urine against someentero-pathogens.
1.4.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To collect bacteria pathogens (Salmonella, Klebsiella and Enterobacter) from human source.
2. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the test substrate.
3. To determine minimum bactericidal concentration of the herb extracts on selected enteropathogens.
4. Evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility action of these substances by using zones of inhibition.
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