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ABSTRACT
This research is on determination of the effect of temperature on the surface tension of water. Surface tension is a property present in water that reduces the amount of energy that exists between water molecules at the surface. Water at low temperatures has a higher surface tension because the bonds between the water molecules are harder to stretch (Jamal,2002). The close contact between the molecules reduces the amount of energy present between the molecules. As the temperature increases, more energy is present, causing the molecules to strech more, which reduces the surface tension (Schoettle, 2006).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITTLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF GRAPHS x
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 6
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE TENSION 8
2.2 TEMPERATURE 9
2.3 USE OF TEMPERATURE IN SCIENCE 11
2.4 TEMPERATURE SCALES 11
2.5 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 13
2.6 CAUSES OF SURFACE TENSION 14
2.7 SURFACE TENSION AND BUBBLES 16
2.9 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER 19
2.10 EXAMPLES OF SURFACE TENSION 23
2.11 SEVERAL EFFECTS OF SURFACE TENSION WITH ORDINARY WATER 26
2.12 PHYSICS OF SURFACE TENSION 28
2.13 SURFACTANTS 36
2.14 SURFACE AREA GROWTH 37
2.15 SURFACE CURVATURE AND PRESSURE 38
12.6 FLOATING OBJECTS 39
2.17 LIQUID SURFACE 40
2.18 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 41
CHAPTER THREE 44
MATERIALS AND METHODS 44
3.1 MATERIALS NEEDED (VARIANT 1) 44
3.2 METHODS (VARIANT 1) 45
CHAPTER FOUR 48
4.1 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 48
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SURFACE TENSION VALUES 48
4.3 DISCUSSION 49
CHAPTER FIVE 51
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51
5.1 SUMMARY 51
5.2 CONCLUSION 51
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 52
REFERENCES 53
CHAPTER ONE
1.1INTRODUCTION
Surface tension is caused by various intermolecular forces that attract molecules of the liquid toward one another.In the bulk of the liquid, each molecules is pulled equally din all directions by the neighboring liquidmolecules. This results in a net force of zero. At the surface of the liquid, the molecules are pulled inwards by other liquid molecules deep inside the liquid, but they arenot attracted as strongly by the molecules in the neighbouring air. (Abdurahman, 2006). Water moleculesmore attracted to like water molecules than to the different air molecules present at the liquid’s surface.
Therefore, all of the liquid molecules at the surface subject to an inward force of molecular attraction,which causes the liquid to squeeze itself together until it has the locally lowest surface area possible (Bikerman,2006).Surface tension is a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid, where the liquid is in contact with gas, acts like a thin elastic sheet. This term is, typically.
Dificantly reduce well productivity Ramsay and Shields . S’3) draw attention to a certain resemblance between t±ie alteration of surface tension, with temperature and te alteration of gaseous pressure with temperature. They point out that the surface tension increases lineally as the temperature falls below a certain temperature rises from absolute zero.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed that when water is heated, it causes increase in temperature of the water. Therefore causing decrease in its surface tension depending on the amount of heat provided. Due to this, a question has been asked pertaining the effect of temperature on surface tension of water. This leads to the determination of the effect of temperature on surface tension of water.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
So many people have being wondering or stressing themselves trying to find out why some objects, insectsonly when the liquid surface is in contact with gas (such as the air). If the surface is between two liquids(such as water and air).It is called “interface tension” various intermolecular faces, such as van der Waals faces, draw the liquid particles together. Along the surface, the particles are pulled toward the rest of the liquid, as shown in the picture to the right.
Surface tension (denoted with the Greek variablegamma) is defined as the ratio of the surface force Fto the length d along which the force acts.
Gamma F/d units of Surface Tension, Surface tension is measured in SI units of N/m (Newton per meter), although the more common unit is the cgs unit dyn/cm (dyne per centimeter). In order to consider the thermodynamics of the situation, it is sometimes useful consider it in terms of work per unit area. The SI unit in that case is the J/m2 (joules per meter squared).
The cgs unit is erg/cm2 these forces bind the surface particles together. Though this binding is weakpretty easy to break the surface f a liquid after all- it does manifest in many ways.
Surface tension is what makes it possible to float a needle in a cup of water, or for water-skimming insects to Ede across the surface of a lake. The molecules on the surface of liquid are bound to the molecules beside and below them, but have nothing above them to balance out these attractive forces. Because of this imbalance, the molecules on the surface of the liquid will be drawn more strongly to those around it, creating a sheet of tightly bound molecules on the surface of the liquid Boyce, 2006).
Surface tension is an important property that affects the behavior and characteristics of reservoir fluids. Surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet. Thus, the surface of any liquid behaves as if it was covered by a stretched membrane. Surface tension is measured in units of force per unit length.
Surface tension is a cohesive quality of liquids that give their surfaces a slightly elastic quality and enables them form into separate drops. It is caused by the interaction of molecules at or near the surface that tendcohere and contract the surface into the smallest possible area. It depends on the nature of the liquid, the s surrounding environment and temperature. Surface tension results from an imbalance of molecular forces in a liquid (Clark,2006). At the surface of the liquid, the molecules are attracted to each other and exert a net force pulling them together.
Surface tension is useful in estimating capillary pressure forces in porous media and is an input parameter in some correlations used in well bore hydraulics calculations. It is also used in predicting the effects of some substances used in completion operation as well as in multiphase pipe flow, gas/liquid and liquid/liquid processes to determine the flow patterns and liquid holdup. Surface tension is riot a property of the liquid alone, but of the liquid’s interface with another medium. In general, surface tension decreases withincrease in temperature as cohesive forces decrease with an increase of molecular thermal activity John (2004).
Surface tension is caused by the effects of intermolecular forces at the interface. Surface tension depends on the nature of the liquid, the surrounding environment and temperature. Liquid were molecules have large attractive intermolecular forces will have a large surface tension. The influence of the surrounding environment is due to the adhesive action liquid molecules have on the interface (John, 2004) Experimental methods of determining surface tension can be classified into two methods: Static and Dynamic Methods. The static methods include: Capillary Rise, Sessile Drop, Pendant Drop, Drop Weight (slow), maximum bubble pressure and Wilhelmy plate methods. Dynamic methods are: Capillary waves, Unstable jets, DuNouy ring (rapid), Drop weight (fast), Wilhelmy plate and spinning drop methods. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of temperature on the surfacetension of contaminated Niger Delta Crude (Collins,2006)
The surface tension of aqueous solutions is of interest for several reasons. From a scientific point of view, it gives information on the structures and energies at the air-liquid interface. The surface tension of aqueous solutions plays a key role in the flow of various fluids in porous media. It is also important in studies related to understanding structures of molecules at the interface, mass transfer processes, enhanced oil recovery, using gas injection, and flow of contaminants in soils. The surface tension of some, additives (e.g. brine and bentonite) used in completion operations play a key role in determining the productivity of gas wells (John, 2004). A low surface tension is required to reduce the capillary forces that trap the aqueous phase in the formation (Dabbousi, 2006).
Accumulation of the aqueous phase near the well bore area, known as water blockage, leads to a reduction
- In the relative permeability of gas, which can inturn,
float or walk on water surface (surface tension) and also why rise in temperature decrease the surface tension of water. However this research work is aim at finding answers to these questions and to suggest the possible ways of determining the effect of temperature on surface tension of water.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The discovery of the study of effect of temperature on surface tension of water also gave rise to the study of the effect of temperature on surface tension of other liquids such as crude oil, mercury etc. and also its effects on other substances in water e.g. detergent.
Therefore this research work is relevant to physicist, the student of S.L.T, and engineers etc.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is limited to the effect of temperature on surface tension of water.
This is to explain the surface tension of water and how it isaffected by temperature, therefore in this explanation, the effect of temperature on surface tension of water is that when temperature increase the surface tension of water decrease reaching the value of critical temperature and when temperature is decreased, the surface of water increases.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
TEMPERATURE: A temperature is a numerical measurement by detection of heat radiation, particle and velocity, kinetic energy. This is a numerical measure of hot and cold. It measurement is by detection of heat radiation, Particles velocity, kinetic energy.
SURFACE TENSION: Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of aliquid that allows it to resist an external force.
WATER: Water is a universal solventthat can dissolve manyinorganic and some organicsubstances.