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ABSTRACT
Microbiological and physic-chemical analyses were carried out. The result show that there is need for treatment of the borehole water samples before consumption. Water samples collected from boreholes in Eliozu Town Port Harcourt were assessed for some physic-chemical parameters on collection for analytical methods. The parameters determined include temperature, heterotrophic bacteria, coli-forms organisms, Faecal coli-forms, Hardness as (CaCo3) conductivity, total suspended solid (TSS) total dissolved solid (TPS) and PH, BOD and D.O. the result of microbial analysis revealed that coli-form count of 100mg. The entire samples resulted at 0 counts for salmonella and Shigalla agar.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION ION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is a colorless, transparent, tasteless, scentless compound of oxygen and hydrogen the formula H20 in its intermediate state between ice and vapour (Linton 2010). Water covers 70.9% of the Earth surface and is vital for all known form of life. On Earth, it is found mostly in Oceans and other large water bodies (CIA, 2008). Research claims that Ocean holds 97% of surface water such as rivers lakes, ponds (Gleick, 1996). A very small percent of Earth’s water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products (Gleick, 1993). Water presently on earth moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation and runoff, usually reaching the sea (Gedneyet at, 2006) described as evapotranspiration. To have safe drinking water is a human right and need for every man, woman and child.
Having good water also is essential in breaking the cycle of poverty since it improves people’s health, strength to work and ability to function, yet over 884 million people around the world live without safe drinking water (WHO, 2008). In urban and predominantly rural communities with over 85% of the population living below an average income, traditional drinking water sources such as open reservoirs, springs andopen wells are still being used. Water from such sources seldom complies with WHO limits for drinking water. Borehole water has become the most used source of water dating back to ancient China (202BC- 220AD), the Han dynasty used deep boreholes, reaching as deep as 600m (200011) (Loewe, 1968). This borehole water fills the spaces between the rocks and soils making an aquifer (Driscoll, 1986). Ground water depth and quality varies from place to place and this affects the quality of water obtained. Also, the variouskinds of rocks and soils which it moves through affect it too. Water moving through underground rocks and soils may pick up natural contaminants, even with no human activity or pollution in the area (Beltaoset aL, 2006).
In addition to nature’s influence, water is also polluted by human activities, such as defecation, dumping garbage, poor agricultural practices and chemical spills at industrial sites (Coe, 2001). Even though water may be clear, it does not necessarily mean that it is safe for drinking. It is very important to judge the safety of water with respect to its physical, chemical and bacteriological property. Over time, regions of Elizeo Area enjoyed the municipal water supply that the government provided, including World Bank, Federal Housing areas and Sites and Services. As time passed, the distribution of municipal water supply seized and some areas like Elizeo Area were affected. With little or no municipal water supply, no rivers or nearby streams and the urgent need for safe water, indigenes of these localities faced the only source which is underground borehole water. As much as underground borehole water seemed to be a remedy, several factors affect its usage. Distance between the site of the borehole and septic/suck away tank, distance between borehole and refuse dump unit, depth of the borehole and the distance between borehole and neighbor’s septic tank are all factors to be solely considered prior to drilling borehole due to limited plot allocation.
However, according to WHO standard and guidelines, borehole water should be sunk 1 50ft below the ground level. It should be situated far and opposite from refuse disposal and sewage disposal unit. But in an area like Elizeo community where houses are closely situated, these standards bydefault are not met. Additionally, the increasing rate of sinking of borehole in these areas would likely results into environmental hazard if not checked,
Hence, the necessity to check for the quality of borehole water in these regions is paramount, considering the rise of water borne diseases which is as a result of the alteration of some physiochemical and biological quality of the water.
This work investigated the physical, chemical and microbiological composition of borehole water samples from Elizeo Area in Port Harcourt, on a notion to see to its compliance with WHO/UNICEF standard WHO, (1994).
1.2 PROBLEM OF STATEMENT
According to the WHO report (2010), Nigerian lacks adequate improved water resources, with only 40% of the water resources improved, thus 60% of the water resources are faced with pollution beyond the WHO maximum permissible limits. This inaccessibility to clean water poses a risk of water borne diseases as indicated by rampant water borne diseases like typhoid and diarrhea.
The World Health Organization recommends that the minimum daily amount of water per person should be 27htres. It is not clear how much water is explored per capita in Nigeria; however it is obvious that many manage far less than 27 liters a day.
The major source of water in Nigeria is borehole water, however, with this high birth rate coupled with high rate of migration, reliance on borehole water resources is increasing creating challenges of provision of adequate quality and quantity water. MDG.7C. Seeks to half the population of thosewithout access to safe water. Nigeria is in a crisis of increasing water scarcity coupled with poor water quality and communities reject some borehole water during specific seasons. There is a gap in knowledge of anthropogenic, geological and hydrological factors impacting on borehole water quality and the patterns of borehole water consumption to identify areas with water stress, and understand consumption patterns, like the effects of distance from the borehole, household size and changing seasons on daily per capita borehole water consumption.
1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to assess the physic-chemical and Microbiological quality of drinking borehole water and to obtain a baseline data in Elizeo Community, Port Harcourt Rivers State.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The following objectives are stipulated as follows in this project work:
- To ensures that the quality of this tap water samples is in standard with the World Health Organization (WHO).
- To find out the implication of the borehole water samples if not purified.
- To analyze the level of physic-chemical and microbiological quality of borehole water samples in the study areas.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- The study should provide information on the status of borehole water in Elizeo Area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
- At the end of the study members of these communities would have full knowledge about their borehole water and measures of adequate treatment where necessary.
iii. As much as the study creates awareness to the members of the community, it also gives the government an insight on the quality of borehole water in the region and ways to regulate borehole sinking
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
According to the SSCCE (2010), boreholes and hand pumps provide up to 69.6% of the potable water in Central Equatorial State, with surface water providing 22.5% of the water needs of the communities, other water sources like rain and external supplies like tankers and piped water contribute about 8.9%. The high birth rate has led to increased reliance on borehole water. Many consumers rejected borehole water in specific seasons especially during the wet season, citing sudden change in water taste, appearance or odor, hence the need to determine quality in the dry and wet seasons.
This research will contribute to MDG 7c by determining water quality parameters and recommending for suitable action or creating awareness about water quality and water borne diseases. This research will also identify areas of water stress where less water is available for use, affecting the per capita consumption. The information from this research will be used to guide government agencies, researchers and other development organizations like NGO’s to develop strategies, policies and institutional infrastructures to provide quality and accessible water resources to communities.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is to provide and maintain safe and quality water supply in Elizeo Area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State for human consumption.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
It is true that every research work pass through most challenges. The challenge encountered in this research work includes; problem of sample collection, time hinds, availability of well-equipped laboratory to carry out the analysis and necessary information.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bacteria: A single cell prokaryotic organisms excepting Archea.
Pathogens: Microorganisms that cause diseases.
Indicator Organism: Microorganisms which fulfill a set of criteria that indicates the presence of other organisms especially pathogens
Biofilms: Microbial come Mentos resulting from aggregation of bacterial cells that are attached of surfaces and enclosed in their soft produced exopolysacdaride matrix
Effervescence: Producing or emitting small bubbles of gas in a liquid
Portable: Drinking water that is safe and wholesome for human consumption.
Phototrophic: No specific nutritional requirement but mostly in organic compound.
Sample: The total number of individual samples units (bottle) drawn from a lot which will be tested in accordance with a specific sampling plan and method(s)
Sampling occasion: The period of line where all samples from all water types are collected.
Sampling: The activity of collecting samples from the field based on the sampling plan and schedule.
Turbidity: The haziness or cloudiness of a liquid caused by high amonnts of individuals particles.
Autochthonous: Microorganisms that reoccurs naturally in the source water.
Allochthonous: Microorganisms which are not normally found in the source water and, hence, only introduced via contamination.
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