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ABSTRACT
Well water analysis was conducted using the physical, chemical and biological assessment methods of well water treatment for sample water sample collected from Khana L. G.A in Rivers State metropolis to determine their suitability for drinking in comparison of the WHO’s standards for drinking water. After analysis, the well water was found to be slightly acidic (pH 7.08) while others were within the limit of WHO’s standards. The mean D.O for the well water (8.9mgl/l) which did not meet the WHO’S limit. (>4mg/l). The BOD of all samples did not satisfy the WHO’S limit of 2-4mg/I. Nitrate fell above the WHO’S limit. From the assessment, it will be concluded that, well water sources is not sources of drinking well water.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The public health significance of water quality cannot be over emphasized. Many infectious diseases are transmitted by water through the fecal-oral route. Diseases contacted through drinking water kill about 5 million children annually and make 1/6th of the world’s population sick (WHO, 2004).
Water is vital to our existence in life and its importance in our daily life makes it imperative that thorough microbiological and physiochemical examinations and assessment should be conducted on water. Potable water is the water that is free from disease causing microorganisms and chemical substances that are dangerous to health (Lamikanra, 1999).
In Nigeria, majority of the rural populace do not have access to potable water and therefore, depend on well, stream and river water for domestic use. The bacterial qualities of groundwater, pipe borne water and other natural water supplies in Nigeria, have been reported to be unsatisfactory, with coliform counts far exceeding the level recommended by W.H.O (Edema et al., 2001).People obtain their drinking water from well, surface and underground sources. However, these sources could become contaminated by biological and chemical pollutants arising from point and non-point sources (Edema etaZ., 2001).
Since from the bagging of the recorded history water play vital role in the spreading of various bacterial, viral and protozoan diseases. Drinking water is contaminated by a wide variety of microorganism. Some of these microbes may be pathogenic and cause different diseases in human (WHO, 2006).
It is also an established fact that drinking water if focally polluted can spread dangerous disease like hepatitis, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and diarrhea. In these waterborne diseases the most important one is diarrhea. It is estimated that 250 million cases of waterborne diseases are reported worldwide (Esrey et cii., 1985) and annually 25 million deaths are blamed due to waterborne diseases (Cunningham, 2005).
Diarrhea is a waterborne disease which affects 40% children’s under 5 years old. Due to prevalence of diarrhea among 1.5 billion cases in developing countries, 4 million ends with death (Pak EPA,2005).
WHO reported that 80% ‘of all sickness and diseases in developing countries due to waterborne pathogens and inadequate sanitation system. According UN report in developed countries 95% of the population has access to clean and safe drinking water and 90% have adequate, proper mange and safe disposal. In developing countries the situation is different. The UN estimated that at least 2.5 billion populations of the developing countries have no proper manage sanitation system and above half of these people have no access to safe drinking water (Cunningham, 2005). The purpose of research work is to determine the microbiological assessmentof well water at different durations of storage.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is restricted to the determination of the microbiological assessment of well water at different durations of storage
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will educate and enlighten the students and thegeneral public about the determination of the microbiologicalassessment of well water at dtfferent durations of storage. This will also serve as a benchmark for other researchers to carry out a related research on this work.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research work is to determine the microbiological assessment of well water at different durations of storage. The specific objectives also to be considered include the following:
- To examine the microbiological quality of well water
- To compare the result to WHO’s standard for quality water
- To identify the bacteria that contaminates the well water.
- To make recommendation based on the findings
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Water play a vital role in the human body for physiological and biochemical processes and thus, it is very essential for health and life. Well water is major source of water. However, it has been observed that, well water has been contaminated with microorganisms. The majority of the infections that is associated with water are due to lack of accessibility to portable water supply arid poor environmental sanitation especially in developingcountries (Chris, 2004). Water borne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated water is consumed. Cholera is a good example of’ water borne disease and it is endemic in Nigeria. Consumption of such water can cause water borne diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (sczlmone.llosis) as most of the enteric diseases are transmitted through water. Other principal microbial water borne diseases include cholera, bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) and infectious hepatitis. These enteric diseases have reduced the quality of life in the area and apparently result to low human productivity. These have now called for the determination of microbiological assessment of well water at different durations of storage.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Microbiological: this has to do with microorganism Assessment: this is the act of determining, estimating, evaluating the value of something
Well water
Water: This is a colourless, tasteless, odourless clear liquid that has the chemical formula H20, required by all forms of life
Duration: this is the particular time interval between events Storage: the act of storing goods such as food etc
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