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ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to provide basic experimental data to help in use of waste shell as aggregate for road construction, because of the poor nature of the country, it’s very difficult to obtain a trip of coarse aggregate, in course of this the researcher has decided to assist in alleviating the aggregate shortage in this area of NIGER DELTA by looking inward for locally aggregate and also assessing their suitability, if they can be used for road construction, four distinct samples of sea shell food were obtained within NIGER DELTA REGION, which are Oyster shell, Octopus SHELL, WHELK SHELL, PERIWINKLE SHELL, and these samples undergo different test which are, gradation test, flakiness index test, specific gravity test, water absorption test, soundness test, the experiment gives different result at different stages of the test. The experiment gave result as flakiness index average reading to be oyster shell 56.1%, whelkshell 0%, otopus shell 4.3% and periwinkle shell 0%, having oyster shell above 35% it is undesirable for road construction and having periwinkle shell, octopus shell, and whelk shell less than 35% they are suitable for road construction. The experiment gave result as specific gravity test having average reading to be oyster shell 2.05, otopus 3.3, whelk shell 2.31and periwinkle shell 1.6, it is best recommended that specific gravity of aggregate normally used for road construction ranging from 2.5 to 3.0 with an average of 2.68, so having octopus shell and whelk shell as the highest average reading they are best recommended for road construction works. The experiment gave result as water absorption test having average reading as oyster shell 10.95%, whelk shell 5.9%, octopus shell 3.85% and periwinkle shell 4.05% having oyster shell as the highest water absorption test with 10.95%, it is best recommended that oyster shell is not suitable for road construction. with these know fact its best recommended that octopus shell, periwinkle shell and whelk shell are suitable for road construction having pass the recommended laboratory test which are flakiness index test, water absorption test, specific gravity test and soundness test.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – – – i
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – – ii
DECLARATION – – – – – – – – – iii
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – – iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – – – v
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – – – vi
TABLE OF CONTENT – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 BACKGROUND – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 JUSTIFICATIONS OF STUDY – – – – – 3
1.3 STATE OF PROBLEM: – – – – – – 3
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE – – – – – – 4
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK – – – – – – – 4
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – – – 8
2.1 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 8
2.2 TYPES OF AGGREGATES – – – – – 9
2.2.1 HEAVY WEIGHT AGGREGATE – – – – – 10
2.2.2. NORMAL AGGREGATE – – – – – – 10
2.2.3 LIGHT WEIGH AGGREGATES – – – – – 10
2.3 PERIWINKLE SHELL – – – – – -11
2.4 OYSTER SHELL AS SUBSTITUTE FOR AGGREGATE
IN MORTAR – – – – – – – – 13
2.4.1 HOW THEY ARE MADE¬¬ – – – – – – 14
2.5 SEA SHELLS USED AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE. – – – – 18
2.5.1 FINDING – – – – – – – – – 18
2.5.2 ORIGINALITY/VALUE – – – – – – 19
CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL AND METHODS – – – – – – 20
3.1 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 20
3.2 MATERIALS – – – – – – – – 20
3.3 SOURCE OF MATERIAL – – – – – – 20
- 4 LABORATORY TEST – – – – – – – 21
3.4.1 FLAKINESS INDEX TEST – – – – – – 21
3.4.2 GRADATION TEST – – – – – – – 24
3.4.3 BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST – – – – 26
3.4.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST – – – – – 29
3.4.5 SOUNDNESS TEST – – – – – – – 32
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – – – – – – 35
4.1 GRADATION TEST – – – – – – – 35
FLAKINESS INDEX TEST – – – – – – 36
4.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST – – – – – 43
4.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST – – – – – 48
4.5 SOUNDNESS TEST READING – – – – – 60
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION – – – – 77
5.1 SUMMARY – – – – – – – – 77
5.2 RECOMMENDATION- – – – – – – 78
5.3 ADD TO KNOWLEDGE – – – – – – 79
REFERENCE – – – – – – – – – 80
APPENDIX1 – – – – – – – – – 84
APPENDICES2 – – – – – – – – – 93
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of selected and processed materials whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle load to the sub grade. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses are sufficiently reduced that they will not exceed the supporting capacity of the sub grade. Two type of pavement serving this function are flexible pavements and rigid pavement and the materials use in the construction of any of the pavement types are, aggregate asphalt cement, cement, filler and water for rigid pavement.
Aggregates are the basic materials of highway pavement construction. Not only are they the basic material, they do support the main stresses occurring within the pavement. The aggregates in the road surface are also expected to resist wear due to abrasion by traffic as well as the direct weathering effects of the natural elements. The manner in which they do so depends on the inherent properties and qualities of the individual particles and on the means by which they are held together, i.e. by interlocking, by cementations binders or by both.
Aggregates occupy three quarters of the volume of pavement materials. For flexible (bituminous) pavement, aggregate constitute almost 80% to 96% by weight or more than 75% by volume, while for Rigid (normal Portland) pavement, aggregate constitute almost 80% of the weight or about 75% of the volume.
Aggregates use for highway construction is for sub base, base and surfacing materials. As a surfacing material, it is usually in the form of asphaltic concrete in the case of flexible pavements and as mass or reinforced concrete in the case of rigid pavements. The use as a base or sub base material is in the form of crush stone, base, interitic material base and sub base, or a combination of lateritic and stone as sub base and base respectively. The selection and use of any aggregate in pavement is base on technical criteria and moderated by economic consideration and knowledge of types of aggregates generally available in the area.
The need to replace more expensive aggregates such as basalt, lime stone and granite with locally available materials because of its economic consideration, and shortage in some part of the country. This has geared the research into the properties of the locally available aggregates because aggregates properties influence the properties of pavement.
1.2 JUSTIFICATIONS OF STUDY
Aggregate is one of the prime ingredients of pavement construction and forms a portion of the pavement structure. It is used in rigid (cement concrete) pavement and flexible (bituminous) pavement as granular base, course etc of the pavement construction.
1.3 STATE OF PROBLEM:
In course of bringing this research work to establishment, difficulties such as ; availability of the sample to be used for the various tests, lack of equipment in the lab, availability of chemicals to be used, absence of the machines in the polytechnic, cost of transportation.
Aggregate used in the construction of this pavement, such as granite are difficult to obtain in the areas of the Niger Delta. And as a result of that, the cost of obtaining it is high in terms of transportation and availability. The researcher has decided to assist in alleviating the aggregate shortage in this area by looking inward for locally available aggregates and assessing their suitability as aggregate for road construction.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study to investigate the suitability of locally available aggregates for road construction.
The objective of the study
To identify the physical properties of these locally available aggregates for road construction.
To classify and characterize these materials.
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of study is to evaluate the properties of aggregate to be used in Road construction. And the desirable properties for aggregate used for road construction are (1) strength (2) hardness (3) toughness (4) durability and (5) shape.
The following test were carried out to achieve these desirable properties.
Gradation test
Water absorption test and bulk specific gravity test
Flakiness index test
Soundness test of aggregate
Aggregate crushing test
METHODOLOGY
This research has been carried out under the following work stages.
MATERIAL SAMPLING
The materials were collected from different part of Niger delta, part of the areas are listed below
Rivers state ( kaa, Ikuru-Town, Gokana Abuloma)
Baysela State (Okotukoto, Aasoma)
Delta state ( Warri, Patani Water side, )
MATERIALS
The materials for the study are listed below
OYSTER SHELL
PERIWINKLE SHELL
OCTOPUS SHELL
WHELK SHELL
LABORATORY TEST
The laboratory tests to be carried out are 3 major Test and the three major test are sub-divided into different groups which are discusses below.
Non-Descriptive Quality Test : The tests contained in this category are
Gradation tests
Water absorption and Bulk Specific gravity tests
Mechanical shape tests are sub divided into two which are
Flakiness index Test
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
PERIWINKLE SHELL
Loosanoff (1997), described periwinkles as small marine snails with spiral cone-shaped shell having a round opening and dull interior.
COARSE AGGREGATE: can be define as a materials or structure formed from a mass of fragments or particles loosely compacted together.
GRADATION TEST
Gradation refers to the quantity expressed in percentages by weight of the various particles sizes of which a sample of aggregate is composed.
Specific gravity: can be define as the ration of rate of aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated surface dry aggregate.
Flakiness index = total wt of material passing
Through various thickness guage x 100/1
Total wt of the sample taken (w1)
Flakiness = w2/w1 ×100.
WATER ABSORPTION TEST: This is the increase in the weight of aggregate due to water in the pores of the materials but not including water adhering to the outside surface.
SOUNDNESS TEST:
This method covers the testing of aggregates to determine their resistance to breaking down by saturated solutions of sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate.
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