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ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial activities of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extracts were investigated in Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungus.Test organism, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas aeroginosa, candida albican and Aspegillus niger, were isolated using the streak plate techniques.Isolated bacteria were identified based on cultural characteristics.Bryophyllum leaves were extracted using traditional methods, by grinding the leaves with a mortar and pestle and 300g of the grinded leave was transferred into two different buckets and 400ml of local gin and 500ml of water was measured and transferred into the buckets containing the grinded leaves respectively and was allowed to stand for three (3) days, (72 hours). After 3 days, it was filter through a new handkerchief and again through whatman No. 1 filter paper into a clean beaker and it was evaporated in the water bath at 80oc and the dried material was transferred into a new specimen bottle for use. The extracts shows zone of inhibition on the test organism (staphylococcus, Bacillus, E.coli, pseudomonas) but there was no inhibition in the candida and Aspergillus. It is concluded that BryophIyllumpinnatum leaves extracted by traditional methods have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Taxonomical classification of Byophyllum Pinnatum –
2.2 Description of Bryophyllum pinnatum
2.3 Phytochemicals of Bryophyllum pinnatum
2.4 Pharmacological activities
2.4.1 Antimicrobial activities
2.4.2 Antidiabetic activities
2.4.3 Anti-ulcer Activity
2.4.4 Anti-convultant Activity
2.4.5 Hapatoprotective Activity Nepthroprotective Activity
2.4.6 Antihypertensive Activity
2.4.7 Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing Activity
2.4.8 Immunomodilatory Effect.
2.4.9 Anti-leishmanial Activity
2.4.10 Anti-Histaminic and Anti Allergic Activity.
2.4.11 Anticancer Activity
Chapter Three: Materials and Methods
3.1 Collection of Bryophyllum pinnatum
3.2 Extraction of Bryophyllum pinnatum
3.3 Sterilization of Glassware
3.4 Test Organism
3.5 Purification of Test Organism
3.6 Preparation of Media
3.6.1 Preparation of Mueller Hinton Agar (MHS)
3.6.2 Preparation of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
3.7 Preparation of Microbial Suspension (McFaland Standard)
3.8 Inoculation of media
3.9 Preparation of Extract Solution.
3.10 Sensitive Test Using Agar well diffusion method
3.11 Measurement of zones on inhibition.
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistant organisms coupled with the non-availability and high cost of new generation antibiotics on addition to their limited effective life span have resulted in increased morbidity and mortality (Wright, 2014). This observation have led to the search for alternative therapy with the aim of discovering potentially useful active ingredients that can serve as source and template for the synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs(Pretorius etal.,2003,Moreillion et al.,2005). The plant Bryophyllum pinnatum is commonly known as air plant, love plant, miracle plant, life plant (Jain et al., 2010) and has been accepted as a herbal remedy in almost all parts of the world. (Olajide et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2010).
This plant is a crassulescent herb of about meter in height, with opposite glabrous leaves (with 3.5 deeply crenulated, fleshy leaflets) (John-Ojewole et al., 2002), distributed worldwide but growing primarily in the rain forest. It is grown widely and used
as folk medicine in tropical Africa, India, tropical America and Asia (Yadav and Dixit, 2003). It is astringent, sour in taste, sweet in the post digestive effect and has hot potency. It is well known for its hemostatic and wound healing properties the plant have considerable attention for this medicinal properties and find application in folk lore medicine, as well as in the contemporary medicine (Kambojet al., 2009).
Ethnomedically, B. pinnatum is used among other applications to induce vomiting of blood, cut umbilical cord in new borns, expel tay – tay worms, poultries for head cold, acute and Chronic bronchitis, Staphylococcus, Pneudomonas, Escherica coli, Bacilus spp, and other infection (medicineatour feet.com, 2008, Dalziel, 1936).
The plant of B.pinnatum possess analgesic, anticonvulsion, anti-arthrictic anti-inflammatory and other anti-spasmolytic properties (Theophil et al., 2006).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The present review provides detailed information. The conventional method to extract plant materials is to use
methanol, acetone and so on as extracting solvents, but the ethnobotanical approach like the use of palmwine “Omidum/ekan-ogi”.Local gin as extracting solvent and ways in which they are prepared locally, has received less attention. The type of solvent and methods of preparation affects the antimicrobial activities of the plants (Ellof, 1998: Adesanya, 2005). On this basis of that background, in-vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts of B.pinnatum from various solvents (water and local gin) were tested against some bacteria and fungus organisms.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of local gin extract and water extract of Bryophullum pinnatum against Bacillus spp, pseudomonas, staphyllococcus aureus,Eschericha coli, candida albican and Aspergillus niger.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is to enlighten people on the traditional and conventional practices which will go along way to reduce disease caused by microorganisms and also reduce expenses.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This will focus on the effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum extracts on Gram positive (Eschericha coli and staphylococcus), Gram Negative (Bacillus, and Pseudomonas) and fungus microorganisms (Aspergillusniger and candidaalbican).
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Antibiotics: A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys micro-organisms.
Bryophyllum: A plant genus of the crassulaceae family which is known for its vegetative growing small plantlets on fringes of the leaves.
Therapy: This is process of meeting with a therapist to resolve problematic, behaviors, beliefs, feeling, relationship issues and somatic responses.
Synthesis: The combination of components or elements form connected while or the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.
Antimicrobial:This is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
Haemostatic:This is a process which cause bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damage blood vessel.
Folk medicine:Medicine using herbal or other remedies based on traditional beliefs.
Folk lore:A traditional beliefs, customs passed through the generations by word of mouth.
Ethnomedical: The study traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic group and especially by indigenous people.
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