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ABSTRACT
The plant kingdom offers a wide range of medicinal values. The efficacy of the stem of the plant Newbouldia leavis were studied to ascertain its antifungal properties against fungal. In this study, antifungal properties of Newbouldia laevis were investigated using potato Dextrose Agar-Diffusion method. It was aimed at assess the antifungal properties of the stem extract against selected fungal. After the investigation, result showed that: The yield of extracts with each solvent for Enthanol yield at 100ml, 150ml and 200ml respectively while Acqueous yields = 0. For the sensitivity of the fungal, Newbouldia laevis extracts; for ethanol disc, the zone of inhibition for candida albicans was …; …. And …… for aqueous disc, there was no sensitivity. Conclusively, the research data provides basis for developing the plant product into useful drug that may resolve issues on drug resistance. The plant stem should be used as raw materials and also for the production of medicine that can be used in diseases caused by these fungi.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – – – i
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – – ii
DECLARATION – – – – – – – – – iii
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – – iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – – – v
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – – – vi
TABLE OF CONTENT – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 BACKGROUND – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 JUSTIFICATIONS OF STUDY – – – – – 3
1.3 STATE OF PROBLEM: – – – – – – 3
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE – – – – – – 4
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK – – – – – – – 4
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – – – 8
2.1 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 8
2.2 TYPES OF AGGREGATES – – – – – 9
2.2.1 HEAVY WEIGHT AGGREGATE – – – – – 10
2.2.2. NORMAL AGGREGATE – – – – – – 10
2.2.3 LIGHT WEIGH AGGREGATES – – – – – 10
2.3 PERIWINKLE SHELL – – – – – -11
2.4 OYSTER SHELL AS SUBSTITUTE FOR AGGREGATE
IN MORTAR – – – – – – – – 13
2.4.1 HOW THEY ARE MADE¬¬ – – – – – – 14
2.5 SEA SHELLS USED AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE. – – – – 18
2.5.1 FINDING – – – – – – – – – 18
2.5.2 ORIGINALITY/VALUE – – – – – – 19
CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL AND METHODS – – – – – – 20
3.1 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 20
3.2 MATERIALS – – – – – – – – 20
3.3 SOURCE OF MATERIAL – – – – – – 20
- 4 LABORATORY TEST – – – – – – – 21
3.4.1 FLAKINESS INDEX TEST – – – – – – 21
3.4.2 GRADATION TEST – – – – – – – 24
3.4.3 BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST – – – – 26
3.4.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST – – – – – 29
3.4.5 SOUNDNESS TEST – – – – – – – 32
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – – – – – – 35
4.1 GRADATION TEST – – – – – – – 35
4.2 FLAKINESS INDEX TEST – – – – – – 36
4.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST – – – – – 43
4.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST – – – – – 48
4.5 SOUNDNESS TEST READING – – – – – 60
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION – – – – 77
5.1 SUMMARY – – – – – – – – 77
5.2 RECOMMENDATION- – – – – – – 78
5.3 ADD TO KNOWLEDGE – – – – – – 79
REFERENCE – – – – – – – – – 80
APPENDIX1 – – – – – – – – – 84
APPENDICES2 – – – – – – – – – 93
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Avocado apple is highly nutritious fruit rich in proteins, fats and oils and low in sugar. It is unusual among all fruits for its high fat contents (17-27%), of which 7- 14% is linolic acids, and also for the facts that it does not ripen until after it has been removed from the tree. Half an avocado (130g) is a rich source of vitamin c and copper, ( Ifesan et al, 2015). From the perspective of the use of avocado seed as source of phytotherapeutic agents they have traditionally been use to treat mycoses and parasitic infections (Ifesan et al; 2015). Furthermore avocado seeds preparations are known to have local anesthetic effects that decreases muscle pain (Ramos et al; 2003).
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Avocado apple is regarded as a fruit high in nutrients such as protein, fats and low in sugar.
Some of the major problems associated with this study could lead to experimental setback this is because in most areas, the seed of avocado are usually discarded as waste during the processing of the pulp. Furthermore, it becomes difficult to access these seeds for the purpose of research experiment.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This research work is aimed at the analysis of the phytochemicals present in avocado pear seed
The objective of this study includes;
Analysis of the phytochemicals present is the seed of avocado pear
To make relevant recommendations based on findings of the study
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this study is to analyze various types of phytochemical in the seed of avocado pear.
This study will also educate the general public on the usefulness and health benefits of avocado pear seed. Furthermore, this study will generate scientific data that will support the refining of avocado pear seed from waste to wealth.
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