Complete Material Cost #3,000
Order for Complete Material now
ABSTRACT
Electrical problem of power fluctuation can be correct by use of transformers and uninterrupted power supply unit (ups). Some kind of uninterrupted power supply are rampant and are not purely made of components (semiconductor) without a transformer in corporate. In all design, there is a need for transformer either as rectifier or as supply and a step-down. This project is design and constructed with all these factor put into consideration. The aim of this work is to design and construct a step-down transformer with a primary voltage of 220V and a multi secondary voltage.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION 2
CERTIFICATION 3
DEDICATION 4
ACKNOWLEGDMENT5
ABSTRACT6
CHAPTER ONE9
INTRODUCTION9
1.1 Background of study9
1.2 Statement of the problem11
1.3 Aim and objectives of the study11
1.4 Significance of the study12
1.5 Scope of the study12
CHAPTER TWO13
LITERATURE REVIEW13
CHAPTER THREE16
MATERIALS AND METHOD16
3.1 Materials and Equipment16
3.2 Materials selection16
3.3 Fabrication process18
Metal cutting18
Bending 18
Welding18
Painting 21
CHAPTER FOUR22
TESTING AND DISCUSSION22
4.1 Principle of operation22
4.2 Testing22
4.3 Safety Precautions and Maintenance Procedures22
4.3 Discussion23
CHAPTER FIVE234
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS24
5.1 Conclusion 24
5.2 Recommendations 24
REFERENCES245
APPENDIX26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electric device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors transformers coil. A carrying current in the first or primary winding crates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (e.m.f or voltage in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
The mode of operation of a transformer is by electromagnetic conduction and it is strictly on alternating current device. In power system it alters the voltage level at any point in system and this is achieved by applying alternating voltage to the primary winding of the transformer. This AC voltage and current produce alternative flux. This mostly links the second winding via the magnetic material and hence induces an in the secondary winding.
There are various forms of transformers, we lia’c the step up transformers used to step up low voltage supply and the step — down transformer which is used to step down power from a transmission line. It can also be of the shell or core type depending on the winding arrangement with respect to the core.
By virtue of its application, it can also be referred to as power and distribution transformers. Industrially the step up transformer is used to step up voltages for bulk transmission, then the step-down transformer is used to step—down high voltage to values suitable for operation of motors, heater, ctc, domestically, it is usually used to step-down voltages from mains voltage to operate domestic appliance such as lamps clippers, driers and many electronic appliance. law of electromagnetic induction which is stated as e = dødt. That is the e.rn.f induce in a closed circuit equals the rate of decrease of the flux is 0 interlined with the circuit.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force across a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Commonly, transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating current in electric power applications.
A varying current in the transformer’s primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the transformer’s secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use of Faraday’s Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.For the course of this work, which is on step down transformer which is used when one travel from a 110V region with your 110V devices to a 220V region, you’ll need a Step Up Converter. And likewise, if you travel from a 220V country to say, America, an 110V country, you will need to convert down using a Step down Converter.
A step down transformer: is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it. As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding, which doesn’t have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller gauge wire.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Due to the need of advancement in the modern electronics technology where low AC power such as 12volt AC, 15volts AC is required to drive some active circuitries in order to achieve desired set goals , and may also demand the use of DC voltages to drive some semiconductor component while achieving it, without much cost effective give rise to the development of a step down transformer with multiple output voltages as it comprises of both AC and DC output within one circuitry.
1.3 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Step down transformer is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it. The aim of this work is to construct a transformer with a primary voltage of 220V and a secondary voltage of multi output voltage. At the end of this work:
- A transformer with primary voltage of 220V and a secondary voltage of multi output voltage of 5v, 9v,12, 15v DC would be constructed.
- Principle of operation of a transformer would be learned
- Different types of transformer will be discussed
- Different types of Cooling systems of a transformer will be discussed
- This auto-transformer can conveniently do at a relatively cheap cost or rate. The output of this transformer is made by making numerous tapping on the primary winding depending on the required output.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
A step down transformer is needed to decrease the incoming 220 Volt electricity found in most parts of the world to 12 Volts ac power. It can be safely used continuously for to power DC voltage dependent circuit, such as the work focuses on its implementation.
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Step down Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-down) the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This is a step-down transformer, as evidenced by the high turn count of the primary winding and the low turn count of the secondary. As a step-down unit, this transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding, which doesn’t have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller-gauge wire.
In this work, it is possible to operate either of these transformer types backwards (powering the secondary winding with an AC source and letting the primary winding power a load) to perform the opposite function: a step-up can function as a step-down and visa-versa. However, as we saw in this work, efficient operation of a transformer requires that the individual winding inductances be engineered for specific operating ranges of voltage and current, so if a transformer is to be used “backwards” like this it must be employed within the original design parameters of voltage and current for each winding, lest it prove to be inefficient (or lest it be damaged by excessive voltage or current).
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
If the transformer is used “backwards” like this it must be employed within the original design parameters of voltage and current for each winding, lest it prove to be inefficient.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Transformer: A transformer is alternating current machine which is usual to increase (step-up) or decrease (step down) voltage (a.c).
Auto- Transformer: This is a transformer with single winding. The single winding is common to both the priming and the secondary of the transformer.
Winding: The winding of a transformer is the band of copper conductor which is wound into many farms on the transformer core.
Core: The core of a transformer is a pile of haminated sheets of science steel.
Turns: This is the number of times or rounds the copper conductor is wound on the core.
Lamina: This is a single sheet of the soft iron which is insulated or lamination.
Primary Winding: The primary winding of a transformer is the winding that is directly connected to the over is the winding that is directly connected to the supply.
Secondary Winding: This is the winding that is directly connected to the head.
Tappings: Tappings refers to the connections which are usually made successively in the winding of a transformer especially in auto transformer.
Step up: When the primary voltage is lower than the secondary voltage, the transformer is caved a step up transformer.
Step down: When the primary voltage is higher than the secondary voltage, the transformer is called a step down transformer.
Copper Conductors: These are bare copper worse which are used in transformer windings.
Wire Sleeve: This can be fibre or plastic coating which is used to insulate and isolate the transformer winding terminals.
SLOT POPPER: This is a thick insulating paper which is used to wrap the transformer winding and separate each layer of the winding. It serves as mechanical protection.
Center Block: This is a wirden block approximately the size of the central limb of the transformer core. It is on the centre block that the former is made.
1.7 REPORT ORGANIZATION
The organization of this project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage because it covers all the activities encountered during the project design.
Chapter One of this work took care of the Introduction, Background, Aims and objective, significance, scope, limitations and Project report organization.
Chapter Two highlight on literature review where it reviews and discusses past work of other authors on the subject matter.
Chapter Three highlight design methodology.
Chapter Four highlight on the implementation and testing.
Chapter Five is all about the conclusions problem encountered recommendation and cost of the project.
Complete Material Cost #3,000
Order for Complete Material now