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ABSTRACT
The study has examined the analysis of physiochemical properties (heavy metals) of ground water (Bore – Hole) in Baptist Water Front, Borikiri, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Four water samples were randomly collected from four different borehole water points. The water samples were collected into four different clean plastic bottles and corked immediately. The collected samples were transported immediately to Anal Concept Laboratory for Analysis. About 100ml of each of the water sample was filtered using whattman filter paper No1 to eliminate suspended solids and stored in plastic bottles. The samples were subsequently stored at 400oC for a short time prior to the analysis to minimize changes of the physicochemical characteristics of the metals. The result presented show the levels of heavy metal in four borehole water samples in Baptist water front, Borikiri Port Harcourt. From the result presented, it is observed that in Station A, the concentration of Fe, Cu and Zn were higher but the values were within WHO permissible limit except Pb that was not detected. Based on the findings from this research work, it is recommended that; the consumption of potable water should be encouraged and the usage of the borehole water sample (Baptist water front) should be encouraged.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
COVER PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi
ABSTRACT vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5
1.3 AIM/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 6
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 6
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 WATER 8
2.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER 9
2.3 WATER AND HABITABLE ZONE 10
2.3.1 SOURCES OF FRESH WATER 10
2.3.1.1 SURFACE WATER 10
2.3.1.2 GROUNDWATER 11
2.4 BOREHOLES 11
2.5 WATER QUALITY 11
2.6. WATERBORNE DISEASES 12
2.6.1 ROUTES FOR TRANSMISSION OF WATER BORNE DISEASE 13
2.6.1.1 WATER-BORNE DISEASES 13
2.6.1.2 WATER WASHED DISEASES 13
2.6.1.3 WATER-BASED DISEASES 14
2.6.1.4. INSECT VECTOR BASED OR WATER RELATED DISEASES 15
2.7. WATER POLLUTION 15
2.7.1 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION 17
2.7.2 SOURCES OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION 18
2.7.3 EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION 19
2.7.4 WATER QUALITY AND EFFECT ON HEALTH 20
2.8 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUND WATER 22
2.9 MICROBIOLOGICAL POLLUTION OF WATER 22
CHAPTER THREE 24
METHODOLOGY 24
3.1 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE 24
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE WATER SAMPLE 24
3.3 ANALYSIS OF THE WATER SAMPLE 24
CHAPTER FOUR 26
4.0 RESULT 26
4.1 DISCUSSION 26
CHAPTER FIVE 28
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 28
5.1 DISCUSSION 28
5.2 CONCLUSION 28
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 29
REFERENCE 30
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove the harmful compounds. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. The consequence of pollution leads to worldwide death and spreading of diseases (Egboh & Emeshili, 2007; Aremu et al., 2008).
Water is one of the most important and most precious natural resources, essential to all living organisms and to the most complex living system, the human body. Good drinking water is not a luxury but one of the most essential requirements of life itself. Water is fundamentally important to all plant, animals and man (Ajewole, 2005).
Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on earth with its solid state, ice and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces. Water molecules contain one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bond (Ajewole, 2005).
Water covers 71% of the earth’s surface (CIA, 2008). On earth, 96.5% of the planet’s water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, 0.001% in the air as vapor clouds(formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (Gleick, 1993).
Water of good drinking quality is of basic importance to human physiology and man’s continued existence depends very much on its availability (Lamikanra, 1999; FAO, 1997). Safe drinking water is a basic need of humanity.
Due to inability of governments to meet the ever-increasing water demand, most people in rural areas resort to groundwater sources such as boreholes as an alternative water resource. Lack of it leads to mobility and mortality, especially in local communities where chemical pollutants and water borne diseases are prevalent and persistent due to low quality groundwater and surface water (Basavarja et al, 2011). Physiologically, water is the medium for all biochemical reaction in man. Before water can be described as potable, it has to comply with certain physical, chemical and microbiological standards, which are designed to ensure that the water is palatable and safe for drinking (Tebutt 1998).
According to Prince (1995) and Todd and Mays (2005), water in the saturated zone, below the water table (the upper limit of the saturated zone) is called groundwater.
This is the water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in fractures of lithologic formation. Groundwater quality can be assessed by checking its total quality that is microbiological, chemical and physical quality. Chemical quality refers to the nature and con centration of dissolved substances (such as organic and inorganic chemicals including metals) (DWAF, 1998).
Physical quality refers to water quality properties such as conductivity, hydrogen ion concentrations (pH), turbidity and temperature (DWAF, 2000). The presence of microorganisms as well as dissolved substances and physical parameters should not be above specified recommended limits in order for the water to be regarded as suitable for human consumption. The nature and content of chemical substances affect life in groundwater but also affect the health of individuals consuming this water (Elleta et al., 2010).
Naturally, groundwater contains some impurities, even if it is unaffected by human activities. The types and concentration of natural impurities depend on the nature of geological material through which groundwater moves and the quality of recharge water (Balakrishnan et al., 2011; Ibekwe et al., 2011).
An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the major prerequisites for a healthy life, but water borne disease is still a major cause of death in many parts of the world particularly in children and it is also a significant economic constraint in many subsistence economies. The basis on which drinking water safety is judged is national standards or international guidelines. The most important of these are the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality (Med 2003).
The transmission of diseases through drinking water is one of the primary concerns for a safe drinking water. Fecal pollution lf drinking water may introduce a variety of intestinal pathogens which may cause diseases from mild gastroenteritis, to severe and sometimes fatal dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, giardiasis, etc. (Wanda, 2006).
Drinking water treatment as applied to public water supplies consists of a series of barriers in a treatment train that will vary according to the requirements of the supply and the nature and vulnerability of the source. Broadly, these comprise systems for coagulation and flocculation, filtration and oxidation. The most common oxidative disinfectants used chlorine. This provides an effective and robust barrier to pathogens and provides an easily measured residual that can act as a marker to show that disinfection has been carried out, and as a preservative in water distribution (Med, 2003).
Acute problems of water pollution is not only in developing countries but also a continue struggle in industrialized nations. Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and does not support human use and undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities (Akhionbare, 2004; Lenntech, 2006). National phenomena such as volcanoes, storms and earthquake also cause major changes in water quality as well as the ecological status of water (Olayinka and Alo, 2004; Aremu, 2008).
Conformation of physicochemical and microbiological standards is of special interest because of the capacity of water to spread disease within a large population. Although, the standards vary from place to place, the objective anywhere is to reduce the possibility of spreading water borne diseases to the barest minimum in addition to being pleasant to drink, which implies that it must be wholesome and palatable in all respects (Edema et al., 2000).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Due to the intense environmental and socio economic activities carried out within the area of study which includes but not limited to;
Improper waste and sewage disposal.
Agricultural and illegal industrial activities.
Pollution due to leech and seepage of surface water.
All of which are carried out without proper health or environmental guides and these activities has a direct impact on the ground water quality within the area, and public health. This issue necessitates the need for this study.
1.3 AIM/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to evaluate the physiochemical properties of grand water (Bore Hole) of selected boreholes in Baptist Water Front, Borikiri, Port Harcourt.
The specific objectives are;
1. To evaluate physicochemical properties of borehole water samples.
2. To evaluate bacteriological properties of water samples.
3. To compare data with WHO and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ).
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study covers selected physicochemical properties of 4 samples of borehole water collected from Baptist Water Front, Borikiri in Port Harcourt.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Borehole water is one of the major sources of drinking water in Baptist Water Front Borikiri, Port Harcourt city local government officials do not provide the inhabitants of Borikiri with potable water. As a result, there exists all manner of boreholes, both private and those meant to serve the populace. Borikiri is mainly a settlement for most families, large number of Borikiri populace utilize this water without caring for its quality.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Physicochemical: concerned with, or relating to physical chemistry or both physics and chemistry which pertains to both physical and chemical properties, reactions and changes.
Flocculation: is a process wherein colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent.
Ambient pressure: is the pressure put on an object under atmospheric means such as a liquid or a gas. When an object comes in contact with this medium, a force is applied on it. Ambient pressure differs underwater and in the atmosphere.
Ambient temperature: is the temperature of the surrounding environment, especially as unaltered by direct human intervention.
Microbiological: refers to studies or tests relating to very small living things such as bacteria and their effects on people.
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