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ABSTRACT
Additives (Wood Asnh, Sawdust And Rihizopus Stolonifer) Enhanced Processing Of Pig Manure, were investigated in Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungus. Test organism, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas aeroginosa, candida albican and Aspegillus niger, were isolated using the streak plate techniques. Isolated bacteria were identified based on cultural characteristics. Bryophyllum leaves were extracted using traditional methods, by grinding the leaves with a mortar and pestle and 300g of the grinded leave was transferred into two different buckets and 400ml of local gin and 500ml of water was measured and transferred into the buckets containing the grinded leaves respectively and was allowed to stand for three (3) days, (72 hours). After 3 days, it was filter through a new handkerchief and again through whatman No. 1 filter paper into a clean beaker and it was evaporated in the water bath at 80oc and the dried material was transferred into a new specimen bottle for use. The extracts shows zone of inhibition on the test organism (staphylococcus, Bacillus, E.coli, pseudomonas) but there was no inhibition in the candida and Aspergillus. It is concluded that BryophIyllumpinnatum leaves extracted by traditional methods have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Taxonomical classification of Byophyllum Pinnatum –
2.2 Description of Bryophyllum pinnatum
2.3 Phytochemicals of Bryophyllum pinnatum
2.4 Pharmacological activities
2.4.1 Antimicrobial activities
2.4.2 Antidiabetic activities
2.4.3 Anti-ulcer Activity
2.4.4 Anti-convultant Activity
2.4.5 Hapatoprotective Activity Nepthroprotective Activity
2.4.6 Antihypertensive Activity
2.4.7 Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing Activity
2.4.8 Immunomodilatory Effect.
2.4.9 Anti-leishmanial Activity
2.4.10 Anti-Histaminic and Anti Allergic Activity.
2.4.11 Anticancer Activity
Chapter Three: Materials and Methods
3.1 Collection of Bryophyllum pinnatum
3.2 Extraction of Bryophyllum pinnatum
3.3 Sterilization of Glassware
3.4 Test Organism
3.5 Purification of Test Organism
3.6 Preparation of Media
3.6.1 Preparation of Mueller Hinton Agar (MHS)
3.6.2 Preparation of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
3.7 Preparation of Microbial Suspension (McFaland Standard)
3.8 Inoculation of media
3.9 Preparation of Extract Solution.
3.10 Sensitive Test Using Agar well diffusion method
3.11 Measurement of zones on inhibition.
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The composting of the organic residues is a natural process in which microorganisms will convert biodegradable organic matter into final compost, humus, which will able to be utilized in several sectors of agriculture (Souza et al., 2014). The number of studies involving microbial analysis and analysis of physical (control) parameters aimed to improve the composting process.
Composting process occurs in two distinct phases; in the first, active degradation takes place, and in the second, maturation (humification) of the pig faces occurs. The process time varies according to the environment, the type and particle size of the material to be composted (Insam., Bertoldi, 2007, Zhang, Sun, 2015).
The maturity of the product at the end of composting is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH and moisture, which must be controlled throughout the process. (Ribeiro et al., 2017).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Effective waste (pig faeces) treatment and management is one of the most critical in pig production, as improper management of piggery waste can cause serious environmental pollution concerns such as odour and ground water pollution.
Chemical fertilizers are becoming increasingly more difficult to obtain, farmers must have access to affordable mineral and organic fertilizers if they are to sustain food sufficiency and reverse the decline of soil fertility and malnutrition. Pig faeces have all the necessary plant nutrients, but however could not be applied directly to the soil due to high concentrations of these nutrients. The present study seek to develop cost effective method in treating pig faeces to be used as fertilizers.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this present study is to address the environmental pollution concerns and unaffordability of chemical fertilizers by farmers with the following objectives:
1) To enhance the treatment of pig faeces using additives such as microbial species, wood ash and sawdust.
2) Testing the pig manure for its acceptability for use as organic fertilizer.
3) Establishing treatment method that will reduce processing cost, remove offensive odour.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study “Additives (woodash, sawdust and Rhizopus stolonifer) enhanced processing of pig manure” would reduce environmental pollution, provide affordable and health risk associated with pig farming, fertilizer for plant nutrients and establish a cost effective method of composting pig faeces for organic manure.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Apart from the general concept behind the effectiveness in treating pig faeces as a means of addressing the environmental pollution concerns, this study will also improve on methods for composting pig manure, as well as factors influencing the composting process and suggestions for possible applications.
1.6 DEFINATION OF KEY WORDS
i. Environmental pollution
The release of unpleasant or harmful substances into air, soil or water to the surroundings in which a person, animal or plant lives or operates.
ii. Fertilizer
A substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully.
iii. Pig manure
Pig drugs (ie. faeces with urine) used for fertilizing a land.
iv. Compost
A decayed organic material used as a fertilizer
v. Faeces
Waste material that is left after food has been digested and is expelled from one bowels.
vi. Biodegradable
Any material that can be decomposed by biological activity, especially by microorganisms.
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