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ABSTRACT
The main of this research project is to analyze the effect of fertilizers and manure on crops, using experimental analysis of split-plot design with Complete Randomization Design (CRD). The data of this work was collected with the aid of Agro Doctor in Man-Owar FARM Aluu, Choba, Rivers State.
ANOVA test was carried out to test if there is effect of the whole plot and if there is any significant effect of the split-plot. The result shows that there is no significant effect of replication of large block and the split plot, but there is significant effect on the whole plot.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 SPLIT PLOT DESIGN 5
1.1.1 DIFFICULTIES IN SPLIT-PLOT 7
1.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL UNITS STRUCTURE 8
1.2.3 PROPERTIES OF SPLIT-PLOT 9
1.1.4.1 DIFFERENT PROVISION FOR WHOLE-PLOT AND SPLIT-PLOT COMPARISONS 9
1.1.4.2 HOW TO RECOGNIZE A SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN AND PERILS OF INGNORING SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN 10
1.1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SPLIT-PLOT DESIGNS 11
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 11
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY 12
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 12
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 12
1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY 13
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 13
1.8 Definition of Terms 14
1.9 Hypothesis 14
CHAPTER TWO 16
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 16
CHAPTER THREE 20
3.0 METHODOLOGY 20
3.1 DATA COLLECTION 20
3.2. METHOD OF ANALYSIS 20
CHAPTER FOUR 25
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION 25
4.2 SELECTED NUMBERS FROM RANDOM TABLE OF N.P.K FERTILIZER 26
4.3 Data for Urea Fertilizer 27
4.4 SELECTED NUMBERS FROM RANDOM TABLE OF UREA FERTILIZER 28
4.5 Data of Manure 29
4.6 SELECTED NUMBERS FROM RANDOM TABLE OF MANURE 29
4.7 ANALYSIS COMPUTATION 30
CHAPTER FIVE 37
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 37
5.1 SUMMARY 37
5.2 CONCLUSION 37
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 39
REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fertilizers are used to provide the minerals lacking in some soils, and to replace the minerals removed from the soil by crops as they grow. Many conventional farmers rely on concentrated chemical fertilizers that are rapidly absorbed by plants. Those fertilizers produce quick growth but may kill important soil organisms, such as earthworms and beneficial bacteria.
Organic farmers use manures, compost (a mixture of decaying organic maters that is rich in beneficial soil micro-organisms) and other natural materials to nourish soil organisms, which in turn makes minerals available to plants.
Organic farmers are more likely than conventional farmers to rotate crops, a technique that replenishes soil nutrients without the use of synthetic fertilizers.
In crop rotation, a field is used for one to several years to grow one type of crop, such as com or wheat followed by a season in which a legume such as alfalfa or soybean is planted. Legume root harbor beneficial bacteria that incorporate nitrogen from the air into the soil, enriching fertilizers.
Crop rotation also conserves nutrients. For example, the roots of the first crop may be near the surface and the second crops root may be deeper, so that nutrients are drawn from different depths in the soil.
Fertilizer, as a natural or synthetic chemical substance mixture used to enrich soil so as to promote plant growth, plants do not require more than a dozen different chemical elements and these elements must be present in such forms as to allow an adequate availability for plant use. Within the restriction, nitrogen, for example can be supplied with equal effectiveness in the form of Urea, Nitrates, Ammonium compounds or Ammonia.
Of the required nutrients, hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are supplied in inexhaustible form by air and water. Sulfur, Calcium, and Iron are necessary nutrients that usually are present in soil in sample quantities. Lime (Calcium) is often added to soil, but its function is primarily to reduce acidity and not in the strict sense, to act as a fertilizer. Nitrogen is present in enormous quantities in the atmosphere, but plants are not able use nitrogen in this form, bacteria provide nitrogen from the air to plants of the legume family, through a process called Nitrogen Fixation. The three elements that most commonly must be supplied in fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that contain other elements such as boron, copper and manganese, sometimes need to be included in small quantities.
Many fertilizers used since ancient times, contain one or more of the three elements important to the soil. E.g. manure and guano contain nitrogen. Bones contain small quantities of nitrogen and larger quantities of phosphorus. Wood ash contains appreciable quantities of potassium (depending considerably on the type of wood). Clover alfalfa, and other legumes are grown as rotating crops and then poured under, enriching the soil with nitrogen.
The term complete fertilizer often refers to any mixture containing all the three important element, such fertilizer are described by a set of three numbers. For e.g. 5-8-7 designate a fertilizer, (usually in powder or granum form) containing 5% nitrogen, 8% phosphorus and 7% potassium.
While fertilizers are essential to modem agriculture, their overuse can have harmful effects on plants and crops and on soil quantity. In addition, the leaching of nutrients into bodies of water can lead to WATER POLLUTION problems such as eutrophication by causing excessive growth of vegetation.
Manure in other hand may be pants or animal wastes used as
Fertilizer. Rich in Humus (decaying organic matter) manure releases many important nutrients into the soil. However, manure is deficient in three important nutrients, that is, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
A commercial fertilizer about 20 times as an equally massive, amount of manure. For this reason, manure is often used in conjunction with other fertilizers. Manure also helps to loosen soil and retain water.
For these reasons, the use of industrial waste materials in commercial fertilizer has been encouraged in the United States as a means of recycling waste products. The safety of this practice has recently been called into question. Its opponents argue that industrial waste often contain elements that poison the soil and can introduce toxic chemicals into the food chain.
The through above mentioned between fertilizer and manure particularly in a Random Block Design, we wish to out if there is interaction between them, and if both have effect in a split – plot design with Complete Random Design (CRD) if fertilizer and manure in various crops.
1.1 SPLIT PLOT DESIGN
Although this experimental design is used in many disciplines, its genesis (and hence is name) is from agricultural settings. Suppose that you wish to test several different varieties of a field crop under a number of different field preparation methods.
The field preparations may require the use of large machinery, and by necessity, they are performed on large plots.
For example, it is quite impossible to a standard sized pillow on a lm2 plot, and the smallest unit that could be used might be 100m2.
By contrast, it is feasible to use smaller plots for planting the different varieties.
Hence, the larger plot is split into small sub-plots for planting varieties. A split plot design lets you use smaller plot. For the available varieties, and large plots are laid out for the field preparation and assigned to preparation treatments according to a completely randomized, randomized block, or other design. Each of these plots in then split into subjects one for each of the varieties. Each variety is then randomly assigned a subject within each main plot.
The assignment is performed randomly within each main- plots, and independently in different main-plots, i.e. the main plots are treated like blocks as far as the varieties are concerned. Look at it from two perspectives. The main-plots treatments by themselves follow a simple, completely
randomized design. The sub-plot treatments mimic a randomized block design. Combining the two together produces the split-plot design. Recognizing the two types of designs that are combined is the key to analyzing these designs.
This combination of design results in two different sizes of experimental units. The main plot factor (A) is randomly assigned to a large (main) plots. Consequently, variation at the main-plot level is what limits detection of effects. The spilt factor (B) is randomly assigned to smaller (split) plots within each main plot.
Consequently, both the blocking by main plot and the smaller split plot experimental unit must be considered.
1.1.1 DIFFICULTIES IN SPLIT-PLOT
There are two common reasons, first, in some cases, certain factors can only be applied to large experimental units.
For example, using an airplane to spray herbicides or pesticides over large areas of land. Smaller plots within the larger plot can be used to examine different varieties. Another common example, are greenhouse used to control one factor (e.g. temperature while few control is maintained at areas within greenhouse e.g. water level).
Second, a common usage of split-plot designs occurs when time is second factor. In many experiments, the first factor is randomized to individual experimental units, and then these same units are measure at several time points. This is called split-plot in time as the main plots are the experimental units and main-plots are time points within the units.
Note that because time can’t be randomized these types of designs are more properly analyzed as repeated measure designs, but they are often analyzed as split-plot designs.
1.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL UNITS STRUCTURE
There are two separate randomizations done in split-plot design. At the upper level, the main-plot treatments are randomly assigned to main-plot units. This may be done as a CRD or RCB. Usually on equal number of replicates of each main-plot treatment is done, but this can be relaxed at the price of increasing complexity of analysis.
1.2.3 PROPERTIES OF SPLIT-PLOT
One level of the effect of the whole plot (Aj) is applied, one on each small block.
Each level of the effect of the whole plot (Aj) comes one small block per large block.
One level of the effect of the ith replication (Bi) is applied on each plot.
One level of the effect of the ith replication (Bi) comes on one per semi-block.
1.1.4.1 DIFFERENT PROVISION FOR WHOLE-PLOT AND SPLIT-PLOT COMPARISONS
Typically, the variation among whole plots is much larger than the variation among sub-plots. This implies that comparisons among whole-plot treatments are less precise than comparisons among sub-plot comparisons. Factors that have larger relative effects (compared to the standard deviation) should be placed at main-plot level. Factors that have smaller relative effects should be placed at the sub-plot level.
1.1.4.2 HOW TO RECOGNIZE A SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN AND PERILS OF INGNORING SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN
How to Recognize: Virtually all design where time is a factor should be analyzed as a split-plot in time design (or even better as a respected-measure design) similarly, when one factor is a location, these are often split-plot aspect in the analysis. If you fail to recognize a split-plot design, the typical result is that your significant level for the main plot factor is too small i.e. you are more likely to commit a TYPE I error, while the significant level for the sub-plot are too large, i.e. you are more likely to commit TYPE II error. The reason for this is that typically the main-plot error is large than sub-plot error. When you ignore the split-plot structure, the overall (incorrect) error term is a weighted average of the two values is too small for main-plots and too large for sub-plots.
1.1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SPLIT-PLOT DESIGNS
ADVANTAGES: The primary advantage of split-plot arises when one experimental factor must be assigned to large experimental units than another experimental units than another experimental factor. For example, growth chambers can maintain the growing temperature for a large of number plots while it is easier to manipulate the moisture level on an individual plots basis.
DISADVANTAGES: The primary disadvantage of split-plot design is that is increase the complexity of the analysis.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The need for this research effort cannot be over emphasized. The research bodies are concerned with the experimental analysis of split-plot design with complete randomization design (CRD) using fertilizer and manures in crops.
The data show three application of N.P.K fertilizer, urea fertilizer and manure in a plot of land split-plot with different crops. In this work, we are going to analyze the split-plot design with complete randomization design (CRD) and draw, conclusion into this, we are also going to analyze the error.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The main purpose for this research study is to carry out an analysis to know if there is any effect f fertilization and manure on crop using an experimental analysis of split-plot design with complete randomization design (CRD).
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
This research work is aimed at finding if:-
There is effect of replication on the whole plot.
There is certain effect of the replication on large block.
There is effect on the split-plot.
There is interaction between the split-plot and whole plot.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The research work is on experimental analysis of split-plot design with complete randomization design (CRO) using fertilizer and manure in crops. Used were N.P.K fertilizer, urea fertilizer and manure and the farm is own by Dr. Agro Man-O-War, located at Aluu Community, Choba Rivers Stated.
1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The research work will be useful to farmers both in urban and rural areas. It will help those in rural area who practice agriculture to know more about fertilizer application and the best type of fertilizer to use for their crops. It will also help them to know the big difference when manure and fertilizer when applied.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The major limitation of this was the aspect of data collection. Since many industries in Nigeria do not allow project student to take data from that company due to how bad the system of government have become.
Another major limitation was financial constraint.
Time factor, that is duration of time that was given to complete the research work etc.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Randomization: refers to process of or ordering a subject or number using a process that ensures that every possible order.
Plot: in experimental design, this term is used to refer to the basic unit of the experimental materials. Although it drives from the physical unit of plot of land in agricultural trials, its interpretation has been very much more general according to the subjects matter of the particular design.
Fertilizer: this is a chemical or natural substances added to soil to increase its fertility.
Manure: this is animal dung for fertilizing land.
Replication: replication is the repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated. ASTM in standard £ 1847, defines replication as the repetition of the set of all the treatment combination to be compared in an experiment.
1.9 Hypothesis
There are three important hypothesis to be tested in this research project work.
Ascertain the effect of Reproduction or large block hence our
Ho: Bi = 0 ∀j and we use Ms ratio MsB/MSAB = F
Knowing the effects of whole plot our Ho: Aj = ∀j. the test statistics is MSA MSAB
Testing the effect of whole plot i.e Msc /MSE
HO: (AB) ij = o ∀ij.
Noting that the hypothesis AB Ho: (AB)ij = o ∀ij is not usually tested because AB is infact use as the whole plot errors.
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