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ABSTRACT
The aim of the research is to determine the physicochemical properties and microbial analysis of water before and after storage in clay pot. The method of storage is vital in maintaining water purity and safety for household purpose. The results showed variations in the water quality parameters among the rivers. Temperature and TDS were highest in Ma-Bina stream with mean values of 26.6oC and 115mg/L, respectively. The mean values of pH varied from 6.0 to 5.2 with the highest value (6.0) recorded in Ma-Bina stream, while conductivity were significantly different (0.15). The results of most water parameters recorded are within the recommended limits of set standards for streams.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – – – i
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – – – ii
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – iii
DECLARATION – – – – – – – – iv
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT – – – – – – – vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS- – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY – – – – – 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM – – – – 5
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES – – – – – – 6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY – – – – – 6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – – 7
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS/ METHODS
3.1 MATERIALS/METHODS – – – – – – 11
3.2 MATERIALS FOR THE DIGESTION – – – – 11
3.3 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE – – – – – – 13
3.3.1 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE – – – – – 13
3.3.2 PREPARATION OF MICROBIAL ANALYSIS – – 13
3.3.3 SUB-CULTURED METHOD – – – – – 14
3.3.4 GRAM STAINING METHOD – – – – – 14
3.4 METHOD FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTION
(OXIDASE TEST) – – – – – – – 15
3.4.1 CATALASE TEST- – – – – – – 15
3.5 SAMPLE DIGESTION FOR HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS 16
3.5.1 HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS – – – – – 16
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.0 RESULTS – – – – – – – – – 17
4.1 DISCUSSION – – – – – – – – 20
CHAPTER 5
5.0 CONCLUSION – – – – – – – 24
5.1 RECOMMENDATION – – – – – – 24
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – 26
CHAPTER 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water intended for human consumption must be safe and free from microbes. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation.(Kulshreshittha, 1998). Safe drinking water is colourless, odourless, tasteless and free from faecal contamination of drinking (Ezeugwunneet al., 2009), improper sanitation and fecal contamination of drinking water sources is majorly responsible for pollution of water (Opioet al., 2011). The manipulation of individual environment factors to prevent biofilm formation has been met with limit success control over surfaces chemistry has been used to reduce cell attachment. Including the development of dynamic surfaces that degrade or reorganizes in response to temperature and other environmental conditions and shed absorbed bacteria into the bulk fluid (Palmer and Brooks, 2007). Also, surface restructuring has been explored by engineering high-aspect ratio topographical features that decrease surface wettability and render it super hydrophobic, due to scarcity consumers are compelled to store water in various container sometime for prolong periods World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 80% of ill health in developing countries is water and sanitation related. Although water contamination could be from chemicals the greatest risk to human health is from faecel contamination resulting in water borne disease (Cheesbrough, 2004). On the other hand, storage containers including banks and reservoirs serve as possible sources of contamination due to development of biofilm.
The need for water quality could be determined in different ways either for drinking. Other domestic uses, industrial, agricultural, irrigation or fish farming. However, the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem is totally dependent on the physicochemical properties and biological diversity (Vorkatesharaijluet al., 2010). The level of physicochemical parameters of water will determine the purpose with which the water could be best used for with little or no treatments. Variability in physicochemical parameters is responsible for the distribution of organisms in different freshwater habitat according to their adaptation, which allow them to survive in a specific habitat (Jeffries and Mills, 1990). Water resources challenges have long existed in sub-sahara Africa, but their impacts have been amplified by recent trend such as increasing urbanization economic growth, maritime trade and climate change. These challenges highlight the fact that the quality of water available is being reduced at a warring speed (Any, 2013). Most countries in sub-sahara Africa lack organization frameworks to achieve sustainable water management. Good water quality management is largely based on the basic information on water sources and physicochemical parameters.
Natural clays are acquiring prominence as low cost adsorbent over the last few decades due to their local and abundant availability and the capability to undergo modification to enhance the surface area, adsorption capacity and range of applicability. Alamino silicate materials, enormously abundant in natural, have been considered as a potential source of adsorbent for removing colourpigments from edible oils.
Nonetheless, the effective application of these materials in this area is limited due to small surface area and presence of not negative surface charge, leading to low adsorption capacity. Surface modified clays have high potential to provide an alternative to most widely used activated carbon. Therefore, in order to ameliorate the adsorption properties and range of applicability, a number of physical and chemical methods have been investigated to modify the clays, including heat treatment (Chaisena A., and Rangsriwatananon K. Suranaree, 2004) acid activation (ZoricaT. Mladenovic B., Babic M., Logar A., Dordevic R., Cupac B., J., 2011) treating the cationic surfactants (Wang L., Wang A. J., Hazard Mater, 2008) and Polymer modification (Chen R. Peng F. S. U S., 2008). Acid activation alters the physical properties, such as enhancing the surface area and average pore volume (Doulia R., Leodopoloud C., Gimouhopoulos K., Rigas F. J.,2009). It also changes the chemical properties such as cation exchange capacity and the surface acidity of the days thus, generating the desired characteristics required for an effective adsorbent (Lian L., Guo L., Guo C. J., 2009). Adsorption is a well known process which many authors have investigated using high cost adsorbents such as activated carbon (Agalya A., Palanisamy N., Sivakumar, 2012).
Nowadays people are using containers made of plastic, steel etc, to store water. The fact is these substances do not possess any antibacterial and purification properties. Nowadays, the use of conventional storage vessels like copperand clay pots are declining. People tend to depends on modern techniques and procedures regarding water purification intend of easy and affordable conventional techniques (Charuhanet al.,2009). Availability of water through surface and groundwater resources is becoming critical day to day. Only 1% part is avoidable on land for drinking, agriculture, domestic power generation, industrial consummation, transportation and waste disposal (Julie, et al.,2010), scarcity in quantity and access to water make storage of water imperative-domestic storage of water can be made in a cemented reservoir, plastic, tanks, bucket or metal tanks, earthen pot (Eniola, et al., 2006). Storage is generally believed to reduce the number of microorganisms in water, nevertheless, several other factors effect microflora of stored water which include sedimentation, activities of other organisms. Light ray, temperature and food supply (Eniola, et al., 2007). To ensure safe water at the household point of consumption. Sources of contaminants have to be verified and prevented (World Health Organization (WHO), 2012).
2.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Water has become a scarce resource in some regions over the last several decades, efforts have generally focused on supplying more water to people without considering its quality. The high prevalence of diarrhea among children and infants is as a result of drinking contaminated water. Poor water quality affects human lives, and the environment, increase in water-borne disease and mortality. Therefore, there is the need to shift to the use of modified surface clay container for storage of water. The major problem faced by the people living within this environment is the challenge of feacal discharge or contamination of the water knowingly or unknowingly by individual family close to the stream which as a result contaminate the water body by introducing sporozote of certain organism which is harmful to human.
2.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
• To determine the physicochemical properties of Ma-Binawater stored in a clay pot.
• To determine the effectiveness of using clay pot as adsorbent for purifying drinking water.
• To evaluate some physicochemical parameters using clay pot in a storing water sample collected from a stream called Ma-Bina.
2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will be beneficial to members of the public as it will educate them on the advantage, of clay using clay pot as adsorbant.
It also serve as a penecea for further researchers.
2.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research was carried out on water sample collected from Ma-Binain Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State Nigeria.
The study is limited to the evaluation of certain physicochemical parameters. (Temperature, pH, Turbidity, conductivity) and microbial analysis on a water sample.(Ma-Bina).
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