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ABSTRACT
This study aimed at evaluating the microbial quality of stream water sources used in omoku, onelga Rivers State was assessed to determine the safety for human consumption and to highlight possible occurrence of water-borne disease. The water sources studied were sampled at one sampling site located onoserepo omoku, Onelga Rivers State. Pour plate method using selective media were employed to determine the enteric bacteria present in water sample. The multiple tube fermentation technique for the estimation of the most probable number of coliforms was performed according to standard methods to determine the microorganisms quality of the water sources. The total bacteria count revealed that the end part had the highest total colony count of 33.5〖×10〗^(-1) cfu/ml while the centre part has the lowest total colony count of 6.0 ×〖10〗^(-1) cfu/ml. microorganisms isolated were staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli, Salmonellas Species klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aerugenosa. In conclusion, the different part of the stream water are unsafe for drinking as they are of low quality thresholds. Thus, the stream water require further purification to ensure suitability for human consumption and there is urgent need for provision of potable water to prevent outbreak of water bone disease.
KEY WORDS: STREAM WATER, EVALUATION, MICROBES
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE – – – – – – – – – i
TITLE – – – – – – – – – – ii
DECLARATION – – – – – – – – iii
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – – iv
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – – v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – – – vi
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – – – vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS – – – – – – – viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY – – – – – 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM – – – – – 3
1.3 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY – – – – – 6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY – – – – – 6
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY – – – – – – – 7
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY – – – – – 7
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS – – – – – – 7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – – – 9
2.1 POSSIBLE SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF STREAM
WATER – – – – – – – – – 9
2.2 WATER AND HEALTH – – – – – – 11
2.3 WATER-BORNE PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS- – 12
2.4 WATER-BORNE DISEASE – – – – – – 14
2.5 MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY INDICATORS – 17
2.6 WATER QUALITY MONITORING – – – – 24
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS – – – – – – 26
3.1 SAMPLING SITE – – – – – – – 27
3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION – – – – – – 27
3.3 STRERILIZATION OF SAMPLE – – – – – 28
3.4 PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION OF AGAR – – 28
3.5 POUR PLATE – – – – – – – – 28
3.6 SEREAL DILECTION – – – – – – – 28
3.7 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE – – – – – 29
3.8 GRAM STAINING TECHNIQUE- – – – – – 27
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION – – – – – – – 31
4.1 RESULTS – – – – – – – – – 31
4.2 DISCUSSION – – – – – – – – – 34
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS- – – – 37
5.1 CONCLUSION – – — – – – – – 37
5.2 RECOMMENDATION – – – – – – – 38
REFERENCES – – – – – — – – 39
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is essential for life and life has evolved in water due to its unique chemical and physical properties. (Szeut-Gyorgyi in 1958) highlighted this point of view when he declared “that water functions in a variety of ways within a cell cannot be disputed. Life originated in water, is thriving in water, water being its solvent and medium. It is the metrix of life”. All biological reactions occur in water. It is the most preponderant and versatile chemical found within any metabolizing cell. Water plays an important role in the structure and function of the body. In the healthy adult, approximately 60% of the body consists of water; even bone contains approximately one – third and adipose tissue contains a large amount of the connective tissue and in the spaces between the fat (Baker et al., 1985). It participates in regulatory mechanism of osmotic phenomenon and salt balance, and maintenance of cell turgidity, rigidity and tertiary structure of macromolecules. Water can be equated to the biomass of living materials. In bacterial cell, the content ranges from 75 – 90%. Water is gotten through the precipitation of rain and fails on earth, drains through the soil and enters the stream; and rivers; through this so to the lakes, oceans, and sea, from where it evaporates and returns to the atmosphere. It eventually falls as precipitate completing a cycle called hydrologic cycle. Sources of water supply vary wide; pipe-borne water is limited to urban towns in Nigeria. In the rural areas, or the villages, pipe-borne water is a far-fetched dream.
In Omoku Onelga, traditional water sources, are ponds, shallow open wells, as well as streams and rivers. People in the rural areas depend solely on local streams well and rivers for their sources of drinking water. In the rural areas where pit latrines are common. Some of the drinking water from the well is in the same water levels with pit-latrines. Sometimes the feces in pit latrines may percolate through the suit to the well’s water level thus contaminating it. Most streams and rivers form a bee-hive of domestic activities, such as washing of clothes, bathing, dumping of house refuse, industrial and body sanitary wastes. Water from these sources constitute major health hazard.
Water is an important and precious natural resource that needs to be protected and managed, whether for use as drinking water or recreational purposes. If not monitored or treated, water may be the vehicle for life
However, water quality monitoring might be inadequate for determining whether aquatic, life uses are being met in a stream. While some constituents are important to maintaining health fish and aquatic insect populations, other factors, such as the physical structure of the stream and the condition of the habitat, play an equal or greater role. Biological monitoring methods are generally better suited to determine whether aquatic life is supported.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There are some problems associated with water quality monitoring these include:
Cost of available monitoring equipment.
Precision and accuracy of available monitoring equipment.
Capabilities of the volunteers.
Because of the need-for specialized personnel, and the high cost and sophistication of supplies and equipment associated with most microbiological water testing, water sources often remain unevaluated. Without appropriate monitoring technologies, water supply programs (source selection and protection, treatment, distribution, maintenance and upgrading) cannot be implemented effectively.
Alike are moving towards approaches that combine chemical, physical and biological monitoring methods to achieve the best picture of water quality conditions. Water quality monitoring can be used for many purposes:
To identify whether waters are meeting designated uses: – All states have established specific criteria identifying what concentrations of chemical pollutants exceed maximum or minimum allowable concentrations, water might no longer be able to support the beneficial uses such as fishing, swimming and drinking for which they have been designated.
To identify specific pollutants and sources of pollution: – Water quality monitoring help link sources of pollution to a stream quality problem because it identifies specific problem pollutants. Since certain activities tend to generate certain pollutants, a tentative link might be made that would warrant further investigation or monitoring.
To determine trends: – Chemical constituents that are properly monitored (that is, consistent time of day and on a regular basis, using consistent methods) can analyze for trends over time.
To screen for impairment: – Finding excessive levels of one or more chemical constituents can serve as an early warning “screen” of potential pollution problems.
Spread of infectious diseases. Generally, the normal flora of the aquatic habitat is distinguishable from bacteria associated with warm blooded animals and man. A variety of microorganisms may appear in given ecosystems from time to time because of the ubiquity of many bacteria species.
Potable water is free from disease – producing microorganisms (harmful bacteria) and chemical impurities (substances deleterious to health). While water contaminated with either domestic or industrial wastes is call non-potable or polluted water. Potable .water is clear and bright, colourless and odourless and contains no suspended matter turbidity. Provision of potable water for the increasing rural population of many developing countries, is of concern to the respective governments as well as some international Agencies – including UNICEF. This stems from the contribution of poor quality water to low health standard as exhibited by high infant mortality rate, and low productivity as indicated by lower living’ standard, prevalent in many such countries.
While the occurrence of water-borne diseases in developed countries is generally low due to a generally good system of water treatment, distribution and monitoring, water borne diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Thus it is particularly important in such countries to improve the availability of potable water and to monitor the wholesomeness of its quality. Attempts have been made to improve water supply systems and to “increase the availability of water to people in such countries. However, these programs in themselves have not always reduced the incidence of water-borne disease in the population. It is also necessary to monitor the bacteriological quality of the water and maintain an adequate level of sanitation protection of these supplies.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY:
- Determine the present of micro organism in Omoku stream water
- Make recommendations based on the findings
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will provide detailed information on micro-organisms associated with stream water information from the research work will also enhance the knowledge of researchers that different healthy individuals have different resistance ability to
micro-organisms,
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the research work is basically on the micro-organisms associated with stream water case study omoku onelga Rivers State.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The following are the constraints encountered in this research:
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: Finance is the key to the success of every research work and the said finance was readily unavailable on my part as at the time I was carrying out this research.
TIME CONSTRAINT: The time stipulated for the submission of this work was obviously too short.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
FUNGI: Fungi are eukaryotes that lack chlorophyll, and are therefore heterotrophic, like animals.
SPECIES: These are groups into which animals, plant etc. are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided smaller than a genus and identified by Latin name.
MICROORGNISM: These are minute or tiny organism that cannot be seen with our naked eye except the use of the microscope.
PATHOGEN: Are that organism that causes disease in plant and animals.
WATER: A transparent, odorless, tasteless, Liquid, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen
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