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ABSTRACT
Isolation, enumeration and identification of microorganism from garden soil obtained from Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, was carried out by viable plate count. Samples were collected and labelled accordingly. GSI1, has a total heterotrophic count of 123 and a colony forming unit of 128×10-2, GSI2 has a total heterotrophic count of 16, and a colony forming unit of 16×10-3, GSI3 has a total heterotrophic count of 6 and a colony forming unit of 6×10-3, GSI4 has a total heterotrophic count of 96 and a colony forming unit of 96×10-2, whiles GSI5 has a total heterotrophic count of 64 and a colony forming unit of 64×10-6. The probable bacteria genera in GSI1 is Bacillus sp, GSI2 Bacillus anthraxis, GSI3 Staphylococcus sp, GSI4 Pseudomonas sp and GSI5 is Lactobacillus sp. The probable fungi specie in GSI1 is Aspergillus sp, GSI2 Penicillium and GSI3 Mucor sp. The dominant colour exhibited by a single colony was red with a total count of 123, followed by green with 96 count, blue with 64 count and the least was purple with 6 count. Proper control of the use of agricultural land is recommended as the soil sample contains distinct soil microorganisms that are useful in the process of soil fertility.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration i
Certification ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication iv
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Soil Microorganisms and its Varieties 7
2.1.1 The Soil as a Habitat for Bacteria 7
2.1.2 Soil as a Habitat for Fungi 8
2.2 Soil Bio-Chemical and Physical Characteristics 9
2.3 Microorganisms and Their Related Soil Activities 13
2.4 Soil Microorganism and Soil Fertility 14
2.5 Soil Microorganism and Their Distribution 15
2.7 Environmental Effects on Soil Microorganism 18
2.6 Fertilizer Input and Effect on Soil Microbes 18
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Study Area 21
3.2 Sample Collection 21
3.3 Preparation of Sample 21
3.4 Sterilization of Glasswares 22
3.5 Preparation of Media 22
3.5.1 Nutrient Agar 22
3.5.2 Potato Dextrose Agar 23
3.6 Isolation of Microbial Organism From Garden Soil 23
3.6.1 Enumeration of Microorganism 23
3.6.2 Identification of Microbial Organism 24
3.7.1 Gram Staining 24
3.8 Biochemical Tests 24
3.8.1 Catalase Test 25
3.8.2 Oxidase Test 25
3.8.3 Citrate Test 25
3.8.3 Indole Test 25
3.8.4 Methyl Red 25
3.8.5 Motility Test 26
3.8.6 Sugar Fermentation Test 26
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results 27
4.2 Discussions 32
CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Recommendations 34
5.2 Conclusions 35
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Soil is the most abundant ecosystem on Earth, but the vast majority of organisms in soil are microbes, a great many of which have not been described (Roeschet al. 2007).
There may be a population limit of around one billion cells per gram of soil, but estimates of the number of species vary widely from 50,000 per gram to over a million per gram of soil. The total number of organisms and species can vary widely according to soil type, location, and depth (Michalziket al. 2001).
Microorganisms are frequently present in soil, manure and decaying plant which are able to degrade water that are correlated with substrate organic matter (Mat-Hassanet al. 2012)
Microorganisms produce some useful compounds which are beneficial to soil health, plant growth as well as playing an important role in nutritional chains that are important part of the biological balance in life (Karthiket al.2011)
Agricultural soil in a dynamic medium in which a large number of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial and fungal floral live in close associate (Luis-Heneriqueet al. 2010).
According to Miyanotoet al. (2002), microbes in the soil are the key to carbon and nitrogen recycling.
Soil teems with microbial life such as bacteria fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses as well as microscopic life such as earthworm, nematodes, mites and insects (Ogunmwonyiet al. 2008).
The number and kind of microorganisms present in soil depend on many environmental factors such the amount of available nutrients and its type, soil moisture content, its degree of aeration, pH and temperature (Akpor et al. 2006; Khanet al. 2009).
Soil is generally a favourable habitat for the proliferation of microorganisms, with micro colonise developing around soil particles (Miyanoteet al. 2002; Duonget al. 2012).
According to Zavedet al.(2008), the development of effective methods for studying the diversity, distribution, numbering, and behaviour of microorganism in soil habitat is essential for a broader understanding of soil health.
Traditionally the analysis of soil microbial communities has relied on culturing techniques, using a variety of culture medium designed to maximise the recovery of diverse microbial population however only a small fractions of ,<o01 of the soil microbial community has been accessible with the approach (Bhattacharyya and Jha 2011).
Microbial characteristics of soil are being evaluated increasingly as sensitive indicates of soil health because of their clear relation between microbial diversity, soil and plant quality and a sustainable ecosystem (Acosta-Martinezet al. 2004).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Microorganisms have been known to be present in the Soil in a considerably high amount depending on the soil nature and share much relationship with soil fertility which is an important factor in selection of land for agricultural purpose.
The types and properties of microorganisms present in soil are very important as it provide a clear idea of relationship between soil microorganism and soil health as well as the expected quality of plant and its produce.
Similarly, the understanding of microbial properties such as biomass, activity and diversity are important in furthering knowledge of the factors contributing to soil health and results of such investigations may also be very useful to agricultural personal or farmers in making practical problem solving measures of soil quality.
Considering the higher demand for fertile land, plant health and other related reasons, which solely depends on achieving expected soil status with regards to soil microorganisms, it therefore becomes important to embark on processes of isolating, identifying and enumerating identifiablemicroorganisms present in samples of soil,as well as relating them to the examined soil status.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OTHE STUDY
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of their research is to isolate, identify and enumerate microorganism present in sample of soil obtained from
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this research include;
- To isolate microorganism present in sample of garden soil
- To identify the isolated microorganisms presents in the collection sample of garden soil.
iii. To enumerate the isolated and identified microorganisms in the collected sample of garden soil.
- To compare the amount of identifiable isolate of microorganism present in the collected sample of garden soil
- To draw conclusions based on the amount and identifiable microorganisms present in the collected soil sample.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research is limited to the isolation, identification and enumeration of microorganisms (Bacteria, Fungi and Algae) present in sample of garden soil.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research will provide the following benefits;
- It will from isolation and identification process, provide an idea of common microorganisms present in the soil.
- It will provide an understanding between microorganisms and soil fertility
iii. It will help in the understanding the relationship between the observed microorganisms and soil fertility.
- It will help in understanding the importance and role of these organisms in the soil for agricultural purpose.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
- SOIL FERTILITY: A measure of amount of nutrient present in a particular soil.
- PATHOGENS: Disease causing microorganisms