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ABSTRACT
The study was designed to evaluate the body weight of using MoringaOleifera in treatment for hypercholesterolemia using guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were separated and labeled black, blue and red for easier identification. The guinea pigs were weighed and acclimatized. The animals were feed with the MoringaOleifera. The animals were induced with streptozotocine to enable the guinea pigs feed well. Their bloods were collected to test the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LEF, and CFT. The results of this study shaved that the guinea pigs reduced in weight when treated with MoringaOleifera (i.e. 347mg/kg, 35lmg/kg, and 392mg/kg respectively) below their initial weights when brought in. the results also reduced levels, HDL levels. The LDL levels in the blood also reduced as shown in the table. But there was increase in LFT (SGPT)and CFT (SGPT) levels of blood
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Moringa Oleifera is the most cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Mornfaceae. It is also know as drumstick tree (from the appearance of the bug, slender and triangular seed pods), it can also be called horse radish tree (i.e., from the taste of roots, which resembles horse radish), it is also known as the Ben oil tree or benzoil tree(i.e. from the oil which is derived from the seeds) (Ovsen, 2010).
Moringa Oleifera, is a fast growing, drought resistant tree, native to the southern foothills of the Himalagas in Northwestern India, and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas where its young seed pools and leaves are used as vegetables. It can also be used for water purification and hand washing, and is sometimes or mostly used in herbal medicine in this part of the world (Raja et al, 2013).
Currently the moringa plant is widely gown in Africa, central and South America, Sri-lauka, India, Merico, Malaysia and the Philippine.
The tree itself is rather slender with dropping branches that grows to approximately 10m in height. The bark is thick, soft, corky and deeply fissured.
The leaves, usually tripinnate: are elliptic and flowers, while fragrant have large panicles; the pods are pendulous, greenish, triangular and ribbed with trigonors winged seeds.
The fruit is long, slender and more or less straight, up to 30cm long by 2.5cm across, triangular in cross sectioned and has attracted the name drumstick in India.
Hypercholes terolemia also called dyslipidemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood (Durrington, 2003). It is a form of hyperlipid emia (i.e. elevated levels of lipids in the blood) and hyperlipoproteinemia (i.e. elevated levels of lipoprotein in the blood) (Durrington,) 2003.
Chholesterol is a sterol, it is one of the three major classes of lipids which all animal cells utilize to construct their membranes and is thus manufactured by all animal cells. It is also a precuts or of the steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D. Since it is insoluble in water, it is transport in the blood plasma within particles(Lipoproteins).All the lipropriteins carry cholesterol but elevated levels of non HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of hypercholesterolemia (Kontush and Chapman, 2006).
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the recent times, there has been growing interest in exploiting the biological; activities of different argurredic medicinal herbs, due to their naturals origin, cost effectiveness and lesser side effect (Naik-et al, 2003)plants produce vast array of secondary metabolites as defense against environmental stress or other factors like pest attacks, wound and injures (pal et al, 2006). The complex secondary metabolites produce medicine from immemorial (pal et al, 2011). Herbal medicine is based on the premise that plants contain natural substances that can promote health and alleviate illness (pal et al, 2011). Among these is moringa oleifera which is a multipurpose tree as vegetable, spice, a source of cooking cosmetic oil and a medicinal plant (Fahey, 2005). All part of moringa tree are edible and have been consumed by humans. The plants is used for the treatment of; wound. Bedsores, malaria as well as died induced hypercholesterolemia is at an alarming rate in developed and countries throughout the world. According to WHO (2013), it was predicted the by the end of 2015, over 2.3 billion adults will be overweight and an increased rate of hypercholesterolemia amongst adults and children.
This study was constructed to evaluate body weight using moringa oleifera in treatment for hypercholesterolemia using guinea pig as a case study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
It has been for more than 500 years now herbal extracts are being used for the treatment of disease within Africa countries.
The long historical use of medicinal plants in many traditional medical practices, including experience passed from generation to generation has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of traditional medicine. Various author has for long describe the medicinal properties of other herbal plants for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Amongst those plants was Azadirachata Indicia seed oil. But considering the gravity of the situation in developing countries and the society at large, I have decided to highlight my research on hypercholesterolemia and body weight actions of another ethnopharmacologially important plant named Moringa Oleifera, which belongs to the family of Moringaceae and is among the 14 species of the family.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of this study include:
- To examine the body weight of the guinea pigs under study.
- To study and examine how the Moringa Oleifera can be effective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
- To know the preventive measures of this hypercholesterolemia.
- To know the medicinal important of Moringa oleifera
- To evaluate the body of the weight study of Moringa oleifera the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study includes;
- It will enable us and the general public on the treatment and preventive measures of hypercholesterolemia.
- It will enable us and the general public know more about this tree called Moringa Oleifera and it medicinal, nutritional and economic values of this tree.
- It will create awareness of the existence of hypercholesterolemia to the general public and how they can handle.
- It will give us the knowledge on the effectiveness of moringa oleifera to human with regards to body weight.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Apart from the general concept behind the evaluation on body weight study using Moringa oleifera in treatment for hypercholesterolemia using guinea pig, this study include: the basic constituent of Moringa oleifera, the nutritional, medicinal, and the economic importance of the tree. The study shall also consider the methods of cultivation of the tree. This study would involve. Looking more at body weight, hypercholesterolemia its causes, classification, screening and treatment etc. this study will also consider its sign and symptoms and the areas where moringa oleifera is applied.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Hypercholesterolemia: This is defined as the presence of high levels of cholesterol in blood. It is a form of hyperlipidemia (Durrington, 2003).
Body weight:This is a term used colloquially and in the biological and medical sciences to refer to a person’s mass, or weight. It is measured in kilograms, a measure of mass, throughout the world. Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items waited on the person.
Moringa oleifera:This is the most widely cultivated species of the genus moringa, which is the only genus in the family moringaceae. It is a fast growing, drought – resistant tree.
To the southern foothills of the Himalayas in Northwestern India, and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas where its young seed pods and leaves are used as vegetables.
Cholesterol:it is a sterol. It is one of the three major classes of lipids which all animal cells utilize to construct their membrane and is thus manufactured by all animal cells. It is insoluble in water and is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles.
Lipoproteins:lipoproteins are any group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.
Steroid hormones:This is a steroid that acts as a hormone.Steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind glucose. It helps control metabolism, inflammation, immune development of sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand illness and injury.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Recently, more scientific research has conducted to determine its efficiency and effects in humans and animals alike, and how it can be used for the treatment of health problems. Most of these results have proved that there are more benefits to be derived from his plant. However, most of work done with Moringa oleifera (MO) has been with the use of extracts of various parts of the plant (Adedapo et al, 2009). But all parts have proven effective in treating various health challenging diseases such as hypercholesterolemia and diabetes etc.
As previously stated, the Moringa Oleifera is an easy to cultivated plant that does not require any technical know-how and grows well in most parts of the world especially in the climate. It is also abundant in many households as fences and not as a food or nutritional material. Meanwhile, individuals with nutritional deficiencies can use the moriga oleifera leaves as an expensive source of nutritional supplement and at the same time benefit from it reported medicinal properties.