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ABSTRACT
This objective of this project is to find out changing roles of modern office mangers in business organization. An office manager is an purpose of achieving organizational goals and objectives, while the changing roles are the different duties and activities the office managers perform in the achievement of business organization’s goals. The instrument used in collecting data for the study is the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of sixteen (16) question items, which were submitted to the project supervisor who corrected and approved it before administration. The population of the study consists of 150 office managers, from which 100 were used as sample for the study, and the data were analyze using simple percentage. The major findings of the study are that the changing roles of modern office managers are different roles and activities they perform in the achievement of business organization’s goals and these roles are: customer service, record management, project management, facility management, marketing etc. Also, this changing role of modern office manager has help tremendously in the productivities of the office manager. The followings are the problems of office managers; inability to use modern office technology, lack of fund to further training etc. from the findings multiple skills for easy change of roles, regular training for office manager by business organization and finally the inculcation of more business courses in the profession by trainers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF TABLE Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE Study 5
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6
1.6 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 7
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 7
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 8
CHAPTER TWO 9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9
2.1 INTRRODUCTION 9
2.2 OFFICE MANAGERS 9
2.3 ROLES OF MODERN OFFICE MANAGERS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION 12
2.3.1 CUSTOMER SERVICE 14
2.3.2 REPORT WRITING 14
2.3.3 BUDGET MANAGEMENT 14
2.3.4 DATABASE MANAGEMENT 15
2.3.5 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 16
2.3.6 PROCESS MAPPING 16
2.3.7 PURCHASING 17
2.3.8 BOOK KEEPING 17
2.3.9 HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 18
2.3.10 RECRUITMENT 19
2.3.11 ACCOUNTING 19
2.2.12 SALES AND MARKETING 20
2.4 RECORDS MANAGEMENT 21
2.4.1 FORM/TEMPLATE DESIGN 21
2.4.2 WEBSITE MAINTENANCE 22
2.4.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 22
2.4.5 MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY 23
2.4.6 FACILITIES MANAGEMENT 23
2.4.7 SPACE MANAGEMENT 24
2.4.8 RISK MANAGEMENT 25
2.4.9 PAYROLL 25
2.4 THE NEW ROLES OR MODERN OFFICE MANAGERS IN ORGANIZATIONS 25
2.5 BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 28
2.5.1 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP 28
2.5.2 PARTNERSHIP 28
2.5.3 CORPORATION 29
2.5.4 LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY 29
2.4 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 30
CHAPTER THREE 33
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 INTRODUCTION 33
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 33
3.3 SOURCES OF DATA 33
3.3.1 PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA 33
3.3 SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA 34
3.4 POPULATION OF THE STUDY 34
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 34
3.6 SAMPLE SIZE 34
3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 35
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS 35
3.9 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT 35
3.10 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT 36
CHAPTER FOUR 37
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 37
4.1 INTRODUCTION 37
4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTION AND RETRIEVAL 37
4.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ONE 38
4.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS TWO 39
4.4 RESEARCH QUESTION THREE 40
4.5 RESEARCH QUESTION FOUR 41
4.6 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 43
4.7 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 45
CHAPTER FIVE 47
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47
5.1 SUMMARY 47
5.2 CONCLUSION 47
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 48
5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 49
REFERENCES 50
APPENDIX I 52
APPENDIX II 53
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It has been reported that Nigeria is the most populated nation in Africa with a population of over 160 million according to 2006 census and she has the fourth largest economy in the continent. Ironically, Nigerian is categorized among the poorest in the world with more than 60% of the country’s population living below poverty line, that is, they live on less than one U.S Dollar per-day according to National Planning Commission (NPC, 2004). This situation persisted inspite of the fact that the country exports huge quantities of crude oil daily (Terdoo, 2014). The problem with Nigeria stems from the fact that a vast percentage of her population is made up of peasant farmers, petty traders, civil servants (some of whom are underemployed) and the rest unemployed. The unemployment rate in the country was put at about 3 million by 2004 (NBS, 2004); while the polytechnics, mono-technics, colleges of education and the universities continue to churn out graduates annually into the labour market that is already saturated due to their inability to start up their own businesses. This situation stem from the various challenges that confronts graduates especially OTM in achieving their career aspirations and entrepreneurship development.
Worried by the high rate of graduate unemployment which has been put at 1.8million yearly,Esene (2014) reported that the Presidency had in 2006, issued a directive to all higher educational institutions in Nigeria to include on its curriculum of studies, Entrepreneurship Development Education (EDE) as a compulsory course for all students irrespective of the students’ areas of discipline. Today, this directive is in force in all tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
The introduction ofEntrepreneurship Development Education (EDE) is seen as one of the right steps taken in theright direction. It should be noted that the introduction of basic education in Nigeria (FRN,2012) has provision for entrepreneurship education and it is also embedded in the secondaryeducation, as well as tertiary education curriculum.Osuala (2004) stated that EDE is a programme that prepares individuals and students to undertake theformation of and/or operation of small business enterprises which also includes franchiseoperations for the purpose of performing all business functions relating to a product orservice with emphasis given to the social responsibilities, legal requirements and risks for thesake of profit making in the conduct of a private enterprise. This implies thatentrepreneurship programme prepares or equips learners with the skills that make them notjust capable, but also willing to undertake and run a small business of any kind with the soleaim of making profit. This they can achieve because they have the acquired skills that arerequired for that task. Such business ventures could be in the area of product or servicebusiness.
Nwangwu (2006), notes that entrepreneurship is the willingness and the ability of an individual or a firm to identify an environmental change and exploit such an opportunity to produce goods and services for public consumption. Entrepreneurship is the totality of those attributes that enable a person to identify hidden business opportunities along with the capacity to organize needed resources with which to profitably take advantage of such opportunities in the face of calculated risk and uncertainty (Essien, 2006). The prosperity and progress of a nation depend on the quality of its people. If they are enterprising, ambitious and courageous enough to bear the risk, the society will develop quickly. Such people are identified as entrepreneurs and their character reflects entrepreneurship.
Osemeke (2012) states that entrepreneurship development refers to the process of enhancing entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through structured training and institution-building programmes. Entrepreneurship development aims to enlarge the base of entrepreneurs in order to hasten the pace at which new ventures are created. This accelerates employment generations and economic development. Entrepreneurial development focuses on the individual who wishes to start or expand a business. Moreover, entrepreneurship development in Nigeria concentrates more on growth potential and innovation. Essentially this means the acquisition of skills that will enable an entrepreneur to function appropriately and adequately in terms of turning the perceived challenges into opportunities.
A nation’s ability to generate a steady stream of business opportunities can only come about when its people take to entrepreneurial activities. Good Entrepreneurs can create a strong economy. They are an important facet of industrial growth and development of a nation. According to Harper (2003) entrepreneurship is the main mechanism that creates wealth, explanations of economic growth and development often ignore (or fail to acknowledge explicitly) the entrepreneurial forces of change and adaptation that underlie economic performance. Entrepreneurship development in the office management career has not been very successful due to the numerous challenges facing the entrepreneurship development of Office Technology and Management(OTM) graduates in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria is naturally endowed with entrepreneurship opportunities; however, the realization of the full potential of these opportunities has been dampened by some challenges (Ebiringa, 2012). It has however been worrisome that despite the accessibility of technology and government contributions towards entrepreneurship development, entrepreneurship in Nigeria has notperformed creditably well and hence the expected vital and vibrant role OTM graduate entrepreneur should play in the economic growth and development of Nigeria has been constrained by the challenges, such as difficulties in accessing fund to start up their own business, lack of knowledge of the business venture they enter into, poor infrastructural to promote their business, unfair competition, multiple taxes, unfavorable monetary policies, inadequate market research, unfavorable fiscal policies, poor government policy implementation, which has constrained the entrepreneurship ability of the OTM students and graduate.
Oncompletion of their studies, OTM graduates are equipped with the necessary entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to become entrepreneurs and further their career aspirations. However, OTM graduates in Nigeria are faced with mountain of challenges that hamper their entrepreneurship and career development. This study is therefore undertaking to examine entrepreneurship and the office management career; it challenges and prospects.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to assess entrepreneurship in the office technology and management career: Challenges and prospects. The study has the following specific objectives.
- To ascertain the entrepreneurship opportunities in the OTM programme.
- To ascertain the extent to which Entrepreneurship Development Education (EDE) has enhanced entrepreneurship skills among OTM graduates.
- To ascertain the challenges of effective entrepreneurshipdevelopment among OTM graduates.
- To determine the extent to which government has contributed to effective entrepreneurship development among OTM graduates.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will provide relevant information on the importance of entrepreneurship development to stakeholders in the education sub-sector which will encourage them to put in place policies and measures that will enhance entrepreneurship development education in schools.
Secondly, it will also provide useful information to the government that will stimulate the government to put in place measures that will promote and enhance entrepreneurship development of Graduates in Nigeria.
Thirdly, the study will provide relevant information that will enhance collaboration between private institutions and the government to fashion out an effective way of providing an enabling environment for the growth of entrepreneurship among graduates in Nigeria.
Finally, this study will add to the body of literature pertaining to career structure and job satisfaction.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions are raised in line with the objectives of the study.
- What are the entrepreneurship opportunities in the OTM programme?
- To what extent hasEntrepreneurship Development Education produced relevant entrepreneurship skills among OTM graduates?
- What are the challenges of effective entrepreneurship development in Nigeria?
- To what extent has government contributedto effective entrepreneurship development among OTM students?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The study will geared towards testing the following hypotheses
H0: There is no significant relationship between the mean rating of entrepreneurship opportunities and OTM programme.
H0: There is no significant relationship between the mean ratings of entrepreneurship development education as yardstick for producing relevant entrepreneurship skills among OTM graduate.
H0: There is no significant relationship between effective entrepreneurship developments has it relate to many challenges in Nigeria.
H0: There is no significant relationship between government contributions and effective entrepreneurship development among OTM students.
1.7 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at investigating the challenges and prospect of entrepreneurship in the office technology and management career. Therefore, the study area covers OTM students in KenuleSaro-Wiwa Polytechnic Bori.