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ABSTRACT
The use of Nypa ash and cow dung for the remediation of crude oil polluted soil was determined at six replication levels (10g, 20g, and 30g) per 2kg soil at residual and cumulative treatment levels. Soil chemical properties were evaluated at six (6) weeks post treatment for residual experiment while the cumulative experiment was evaluated at six (6) weeks post treatment. Soil chemical property analysis indicated increase in soil organic matter with levels of treatment materials over time, soil total nitrogen was generally deficient in soil. However, there was improvement at the end of experimentation. Soil available phosphorus increased with treatment levels and was subsequently depleted in soil overtime. At the end of experimentation there was improvement in soil available phosphorous., Nitrogen was observed to narrow down over time in soils amended with Nypa ash and cow dung. Soil total hydrocarbon analysis indicated a significant reduction in treated soil at 20g and 30g/2kg treatment levels with reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon content for residual treated soils while cumulative treatment indicated optimum significant reductions at 30g/2kg. The finding of the work shows that Nypa ash treated at the rate of 20g-30g/2kg soil is the optimum treatment for remediation while cumulative application would favour the three levels of amendment with 30g/2kg as optimum.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study: 3
1.4 Significance of the Study 3
1.5 Scope of the Study 3
1.6 Limitation of the Study 4
1.7 Definition of Terms 4
CHAPTER TWO 5
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Concept of Environmental Pollution 5
2.2 Hydrocarbon 6
2.3 Hydrocarbon contamination 6
2.3.1 Petroleum hydrocarbons 7
2.3.2 Phytoremediation 7
2.3.3 Soil Remediation Techniques 8
2.3.4 Nutrient Components of Soil 9
2.4 Bioremediation 12
2.5 Use of Cow Dong for Remediation 13
2.6 Nypa Palm 14
2.6.1 Nypa Fruticans in Niger Delta 15
2.6.2 Distribution of Nypa Fruticans in Niger Delta 16
2.7 Impact of Nypa frutican Ash on the reclamation of Contaminated Hydrocarbon 17
2.8 Reclamation of Cow Dung to Contaminated Hydrocarbon Polluted Site 17
CHAPTER THREE 20
MATERIALS AND METHOD 20
3.1 Study Area 20
3.2 Experimental Design 20
3.3 Sampling 20
3.4 Post Experiment Sampling 21
3.5 Laboratory Analysis 21
CHAPTER FOUR 23
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23
4.1 Results 23
4.1.2 Residual Treatment 23
4.1.3 Cumulative Treatment 23
4.1.4 Effect of Residual and Cumulative Treatment on Total Hydrocarbon Content 24
Figure 4.1 Hydrocarbon polluted soil treated with treated Nypa ash (Residual) 25
Figure 4.1 Hydrocarbon polluted soil treated with treated Nypa ash and Cowdung (Cumulative) 26
4.2 Discussion 27
CHAPTER FIVE 31
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 31
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 31
References 33
Appendix I 37
Appendix II 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Results of hydrocarbon polluted soil treated with treated Nypa ash 37
Table 4.2 Result of cumulative treatment of hydrocarbon polluted soil treated with treated Cowdung and Nypa ash 37
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Hydrocarbon polluted soil treated with treated Nypa ash (Residual) 25
Figure 4.1 Hydrocarbon polluted soil treated with treated Nypa ash and Cowdung (Cumulative) 26
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The word petroleum is derived from a Latin word Petroleum which means rock-oil. Petroleum (liquid)/oil consist of a mixture of liquid hydrocarbon compounds, these hydrocarbon compounds are made up of hydrogen and carbon in different proportions. Some other elements like sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen are also present in trace amount. The exploration and exploitation of oil stated in Oloibiiri the present day Bayelsa State. Since then, oil product have contributed in no small measure to the economic development of Nigeria (Gbosidom, 2015). The exploitation and exploitation of crude oil is concentrated in the Niger deltas were oil is found. Though the dollars generated from these activities are used for the benefit of Nigeria, the socio-economic and agricultural problems caused by oil pollution is suffered by the Niger Deltans. This single act has made the Niger Delta environment unhabitable and hostile for both plant, animal and the soil. The adverse effect of crude oil on the soil cannot be overemphasized as it decrease the Nitrogen and Phosphorus content of the soil, it also provide the soil with excessive hydrocarbons (Baker and Herson, 2000). To support the above view, Benson, Ochekwu and Tanee (2016) that, due to the great number of sources and environmentally hazardous chemical composition of these contaminants, implementation of innovative treatment processes for contaminated soil remediation is a matter of pressing concern.
Therefore the need for approaches and methods to restore and stimulates hydrogen polluted soil. In Nigeria several methods have been employed in the remediation of polluted soil (Okoh , 2016). The physical, chemical and biological method has frequently been used. However, the biological method has been applauded for its availability, cost effectiveness, safety to the ecosystem and environment to amend the soil for human and agricultural purpose. This method entails the use of manure as well as plant as a means of improving soil fertility. The effectiveness however has been conflicting due to the heterogeneous nature of soil and crude oil as well as possible interaction between the soil options, presence of soil micro-organisms and natural soil constituent (Leahy and Colwell, 1990). The effectiveness of each treatment in any soil therefore needs to be evaluated. This study examine the effect of Nypa Fruticans ash and Cow dungs on the degradation of hydrocarbon polluted soil.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Crude oil polluted soil has been reported to have little agricultural yields. Crude oil spillage makes the soil unsuitable for agricultural production. The persistent and harmful effect of crude oil on the soil has called for remediation measure to retain the soil nutrient. Biostimulation is an effective measures because it is less expensive and environmentally friendly when compared to other remediation measures. This method has proven to improve soil texture and structure as well as maintaining an adequate amount of organic matter (Powel et al ,1998; lkpe and Powel, 2002). The use of animal waste as a remediation agent has been studied by different scholars (Njoku et al, 2008). Amadi and Uebari (1992) and Ogboghodo et al. (2004) studied the use of poultry dung as a remediating agent to improve soil fertility and the growth of maize. However, the use of cow dung, and other bio- stimulants have been studied but little or no attention has been given to the combination of these treatments on the remediation of degradated soil. It is based on the above that this study examine the effect of Nypa Fruticans ash and cow dung on the degradation of hydrocarbon polluted soil.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study:
The aim of this study is to examine effect of Nypa frutican Ash and Cowdungs on the degradation of hydrogen polluted soil.
The specific objectives of this study are:
1. To collect soil samples from post oil spill sites.
2. To treat 2kg Hydrocarbon polluted soils at 10g, 20g, 30g of Nypa Fruticans ash.
3. To examine the combine effect of Nypa Fruticans ash and cow dung treatment at 10:10g, 20:20g and 30:30g on 2kg of hydrocarbon polluted soil.
4. To evaluate THC, N, P, OM on pre and post treated soils
1.4 Significance of the Study
Findings of this study will add to the existing knowledge on bioremediation process especially the combine effect of Cowdungs and Nypa Fruticans on remediation. The study will provide an alternative measure for remediation against the chemical methods which are not environmentally friendly.
Findings will serve as a bench mark for other related studies in the field of remediation.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The study is limited in scope to the examination of the effect of cowdungs and Nypa Fruticans in the degradation of hydrogen polluted soil.
Geographically, this study will be limited to Obiakpor Local Government Area in Rukpokwu from where sample of hydrocarbon polluted soil will be taken, for laboratory test to enable the researcher make inferences on the result of the analysis.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
This study was limited by short time duration for effective work. A research of this magnitude requires money to execute it, but the researcher was with minimal amount of fund within her reach.
Finally, the researcher also encountered some problems in the process of getting the same and adequate equipment for the research. This study was conducted ex situ in a laboratory setup and sample size collected was rather small due to logistic problems associated with managing larger quantities of contaminated soil sample, this prevented a more detailed insight to the problem.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Bioremediation: This is an approach that facilitates the natural biodegradation process of hydrocarbons through the provision of nutrients and oxygen required by microbes.
Remediation: this is the process of returning soil, water or air functionality that existed prior to contamination.
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