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ABSTRACT
This research work is intended to ascertain how development communication brings about societal growth. (a study of Khana local Government Area of Rivers state).The research work has the primary focus of how the modern media of communication and its impact on the communities in Khana Local Government Area which have about 100 as the total population that represent the local government out of which 6 communities representing 80 percent were drawn as the sample size of the local government according to Krejcie and Morgan table of population size. The finding from the study has shown that development communication has contribute immensely to societal growth which involves the use of modern means media of communication for information dissemination. It has been identified that Khana local government citizens used the following media of information dissemination: radio, television, mobile phones, internet and social media of communication. But the major challenges are inadequate power supply, inactive participation in government and lack of source of information. The researcher employed the survey method and also the questionnaire to enable the collection of necessary data. Finally the people should be thought how to use modern facilities, provision of communication devices and break the wall of illiteracy in Khana local government of Rivers State. Also to know the modern media of communication in the local government area and how effective it is to examined how modern media of communication effectively develop the society: to ascertain how development communication integrate the people and the societal advancement such as the area of employment, youth empowerment , economic interest and the social wellbeing of the people are the research aim and so why the researcher employed the survey method and also the questionnaire to enable the gathering and collection of necessary data.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE:
COVER PAGE:
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 9
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 10
- 4 RESEARCH QUESTION 11
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 12
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 12
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY (DELIMITATION) 14
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 15
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS (OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS) 15
CHAPTER TWO 17
LITERATURE REVIEW 17
2.1 INTRODUCTION 17
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 21
2.3 ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA 23
2.4 COMMUNICATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE 24
2.5 THE GOAL AND ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION IN KHANA 25
CHAPTER THREE 27
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 27
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY 27
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 27
3.3.1 SAMPLE SIZE 28
3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 29
3.5 VALIDATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 29
3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSES 30
CHAPTER FOUR 31
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 31
4.1 INTRODUCTION 31
4.2 DATA PRESENTATION\ANALYSIS 31
4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 38
CHAPTER FIVE 39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION/COMMENDATIONS 39
5.0 INTRODUCTION 39
5.1 SUMMARY 39
5.2 CONCLUSION 40
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 41
REFERENCES 42
APPENDIX I 44
APPENDIX II 45
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Many authorities have contributed immensely to the success of defining development communication. Some scholar defined it as the stage of becoming or make larger, more mature or more advanced with the use of communication. Development and communication are two distinct words brought together to have a single meaning but for the purpose of this study, we will consider each of the above words before joining them together to have a single definition and single meaning. Development may be seen as the gradual growth of something so that it become stronger or is also the process of producing or creating something new or more advanced.
According to advanced learner’s dictionary; development is defined as when something grows it acquires more maturing than previous stage. Development is the sustained concerted action of policy makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health or an area. Is also the quantitative and qualitative change in the economy, such as human capital development, critical infrastructure, environmental sustainability, social inclusion and policy intervention with aims of economic and social well being of the people or attainment of standard of living.
According to Kendra Cherry: (1971) development is describes as the growth of human throughout the life span, from conception to death which include all aspect of human growth, physically, emotionally, intellectually, social perception and personality development.
According to ‘’Inayatuallah’’ (1967) cited by Adoan, lim and Nkahetiya (1991:P2), development is seen as a change toward patterns of society that allow a society better realization of human values, that allow society greater control over its environment and over political destiny that enable individual to gain increase control over themselves.
Communication (from Latin word communicare) meaning to share. Communication is the activities of conveying information through the exchange of ideas, feelings, intention, attitudes and perception of command such as speech, gesture and writing from one person to another.
According to Josh Baran (1982), communication can be seen as reciprocal and ongoing process with all involves parties more or less engaged in creating share meaning. Communication is a means of connecting people or place together to have the same thought; it is also the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another.
According to Berenson Dan Steiner (1964), communication is the process of sending information, ideas, emotion, and ability by using pictures and words.
The concept of development communication is use to refers to the use of communication to facilitate social development in the society. The term development communication was coined in 1972 by Nora C. Quebral in (1972), who defined development communication as the art and science of human communication linked to society’s planned transformation from a state of poverty to one dynamic socio-economic growth that makes for greater equality and the larger unfolding of individual potential.
According to Wikipedia, development communication engages stakeholders, established conducive environment, assess risks, opportunities and promote information exchange via sustainable development. It also includes information dissemination and educational behavioral changes, social marketing, social mobilization, media advocacy, communication for social change and community participation. development communication have been label the fifth theory of the press which stated that people in the society should fully partake in information exchange rather than remain just recipients of communication from mostly the government.
The main idea behind development communication is for development of the people in a nation or to help the target population. Communication seeks to serve the people without manipulation and encourage genuine response. Communication is to develop conscientization or critical consciousness which can be about self-responsibility, social conscience and self –determination for right judgments and for social communication. Development communication is seen as a term for social change. It use to bringing the disparity between the developed and underdeveloped nation especially in the 20th century. It brings about political ideology, standard of economic, heavy industries and capital intensive technology. Development communication has been evolving with time from considering people as audience who were to be influenced one way or the other. Development communication is about working for local development and creating opportunities for people through economically, socially, culturally and political development by using the tools of development communication. Development communication anchored on “interpersonal communication as the base for participation of communities in their libration from unjust structures of their societies was part of this radical rethinking of communication and eventually in how communication for social change might be defined” Mc Anany,2012; Development communication should project some feature of developmental roles and objectives to help people avoid manipulation of propaganda, generate genuine response, develop a critical consciousness, self-responsibilities and self determination and imbibe two ways communication that will flow from top-to-bottom and from-bottom- to- top that will bring positive change to the people all over. There should be a developmental project like awareness in rural areas. Development communication should be rooted in communication tools such as the media of communication to communicate effectively with the current trend of development.
The economic goal is often described in terms of an increase in the Gross National Product (GNP) the sum total of goods and services produced by the country annually.
Development involves more than economics. It requires an improved social organization. You need better social structures, relative peace and order, disciplined (and highly motivated) people, a skilled labor force, a dedicated civil service, a minimum of graft and corruption, a sensible tax structure, a wise government, etc. development should talk about moral values.
Development really means developing people. Then the people will change their environment, including their social and economic environment. development communication should allow public opinion which will allow a common man to request his need which will bring about good development to the people by becoming conscious of what they ought to be and what they can do to follow the trend of development.
1.1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION
Development communication began in the 1940’s, but widespread application came about after the Second World War (ll). The advent of communication sciences in the 1950’s included the recognition of the field as an academic discipline, led by ‘‘Wilbur Schramm ’’, Daniel Larner and Everett Rogers.
Development attempts to use modern technology, latest skills, knowledge and innovation to communicate to the target groups in the society. Such as telegraph, mobile phones, submarine, short wave, satellite television and the used of forensic investigation and instrument to detect crime in the society in order to bring about development.
Communication ought to be democratized, according to MC Bride et al (1981) defined media democracy as a situation that guarantees the individual to becomes active partner and not a mere object of communication. The variety of technologies on communication messages exchanged increased and also extents the quality of social presentation or participation in communication are augmented by development communication. This issue of development communication arises to meet the latest development of the 21st century. The primary aim of development communication is to foster social transformation of the developing nations and the fulfillment of basic needs of the society.
According to Jamias (1964), which articulated development communication anchored on three ideas which are purposive; which is not base on characteristic rather it is objective in carrying people along with the current development trend. It serves a useful function in the society, value laden; which is loaded with societal values and pragmatic; which deals with practical application of science in the society in a sensible way. The concept of development communication arose within the framework of the contribution that communication and the media are the tools for societal growth and development.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Societal communication has not been given proud and raped attention. The media has not been always seen as developmental tool .Development communication exists to place communication and the media technology in the service of development. The society is the main target of development communication. The study is carried out to see the impact and the application of technological devices in dissemination of information that brings about planned growth intended to promote human development, eradicating poverty, unemployment and other social inequalities. More so it teaches people and leading them to action. Embracing development communication impacts and shared ideas to nurture and cultivate, prepare the proper attitudes, skills and values needed to develop. When people are free to assess the sources of information there is transformation. Initially, before the advent of new technological devices use in information dissemination in Khana Local Government Area, there were other means of communication ,such as the use of gong, metal gong and ringing of bells that had different communication meaning. Khana Local Government Area have their language and politically hierarchical structured ranging from the chairman, vice chairman, first class, second class, third class, traditional rulers, community development committee (C.D.C) and the council of elders that serves as the source of information. Therefore the study will look at the role of development communication in Khana Local Government Area.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- The aim of this study is to find out how development communication brings about societal growth and how it affects the people of Khana Local Government Area as a tool for positive change.
- To know the standpoint of how development communication fast track growth to khana L.G.A.
- To know the scope of development communication and it communicating pattern in information dissemination, messages and engages stakeholders and assessing the situation and persuade the society for change.
- To study the extent beyond the traditional notion of behavioural change, probing socio-economic and political factors, identified properties.
- To study how it empowering people, strengthening institution and promoting social change in complex cultural and political environment in Khana L.G.A.
- To study how it also aimed at facilitating social development, establishes conducive environments, promote information exchanges and sustainable development.
- To engage in social mobilization and media advocacy.
- 4 RESEARCH QUESTION
- Has journalist benefited` from development communication?
- What is the impact of development communication on societal growth (Khana)?
- Do traditional media of communication still exist?
- What are the problems facing development communication in Khana?
- To what extent does Khana embraces development communication?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This research work stand on the premise on how communication brings about development and societal growth in the third world nation especially to the people of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers state. It also stands to x-ray the level of development in Khana. This work also stand to test and see the roles and power of the media on bring and fostering development. It is seen and believes that media and communication is a powerful tools development communication stand on as media theory (agenda setting theory); which state that the media give us what to talk about but not what to think. The media set agenda for discussion and a particular area of development in the society.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work will benefit a lot of people. Few among the beneficiaries include the Khana Local Government authorities, undergraduates and graduates of mass communication.
It will as well benefit the government on how to disseminate information and how to influence modern communication on traditional means of communication in Khana and to participate actively in government.
The journalist in Khana will also benefit through the use of modern communication facilities to disseminate information within Khana axis such as Bori, Boue, Wiiyaakara, Zaakpon, Kaani and Taabaa.
The media house will benefit the work because it will point out the direction and means of information dissemination to each part in the state especially Khana on a particular media (medium) to use for a particular information.
In addition, this research work tries to provide satisfactory answers to some questions that are disturbing the mind of the immediate society, student and researchers and also exposed the researchers to know how development communication promote mutual understanding and brings about societal growth which student of various institution will benefit and know the roles of development communication and the importance of mass media in societal growth.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY (DELIMITATION)
With the selection of Khana as a case study, this project has been limited because visiting all part in Nigeria cannot be possible. However, the demography of the various communities and authorities of Khana such as age, sex, chiefs elders, opinion leaders communication pattern and academic qualification will be considered before the distribution of questionnaires. Development communication covered a wider area human being depend on, but for the purpose of this study. I limit my study to Khana Local Government Area to know the level of development communication and how it has taken place. Also the study of Khana and system of information dissemination to members of the society. The advent of development communication has created an enabling environment and rapid growth and modern development in the society.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
There is no gain saying in the fact that research work like this cannot be written without some hindrances that includes but not limited to this following:
Financial constrain, which means that the means of sourcing for material was limited which cause over stress on the work.
Time constrain become problem facing when carrying out the work. The hour of lecture is use and limited time of compilation.
Network become fluctuating when sourcing on the internet which delay the work over some time.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS (OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS)
Development: This may be defined as the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advance and stronger. Development is the sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of an area.
According to cherry: development is describes as the growth of human throughout the lifespan from conceptions to death which growth includes all aspects of human growth, physically, emotionally, intellectual and socially.
Communication: This is the conveying of information through the exchange of ideas, feeling, intention, attitude and perception of command by speech and gesture.
Development communication: This refers to the use of communication to facilitate social development in the society.
Wooden gong (akere-bue): Is the instrument used to disseminate information to communities in khana such as Kaani, Wiiyaakara, Boue, Zaakpon, Taabaa and some part in Bori.
Metal gong: (gira) is the instrument used to disseminate information for a missing property or also used by some cultural groups like the Anwanikpo.
Society: This is describes as a group of people who share similar values, laws and traditions living in an organized communities for mutual benefits.
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