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ABSTRACT
Washing of clothes is very essential as they were isolated using the streak plate techniques. mIsolated bacteria were identified based on cultural characteristics.Bryophyllum leaves were extracted using traditional methods, by grinding the leaves with a mortar and pestle and 300g of the grinded leave was transferred into two different buckets and 400ml of local gin and 500ml of water was measured and transferred into the buckets containing the grinded leaves respectively and was allowed to stand for three (3) days, (72 hours). After 3 days, it was filter through a new handkerchief and again through whatman No. 1 filter paper into a clean beaker and it was evaporated in the water bath at 80oc and the dried material was transferred into a new specimen bottle for use. The extracts shows zone of inhibition on the test organism (staphylococcus, Bacillus, E.coli, pseudomonas) but there was no inhibition in the candida and Aspergillus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Taxonomical classification of Byophyllum Pinnatum –
2.2 Description of Bryophyllum pinnatum
2.3 Phytochemicals of Bryophyllum pinnatum
2.4 Pharmacological activities
2.4.1 Antimicrobial activities
2.4.2 Antidiabetic activities
2.4.3 Anti-ulcer Activity
2.4.4 Anti-convultant Activity
2.4.5 Hapatoprotective Activity Nepthroprotective Activity
2.4.6 Antihypertensive Activity
2.4.7 Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing Activity
2.4.8 Immunomodilatory Effect.
2.4.9 Anti-leishmanial Activity
2.4.10 Anti-Histaminic and Anti Allergic Activity.
2.4.11 Anticancer Activity
Chapter Three: Materials and Methods
3.1 Collection of Bryophyllum pinnatum
3.2 Extraction of Bryophyllum pinnatum
3.3 Sterilization of Glassware
3.4 Test Organism
3.5 Purification of Test Organism
3.6 Preparation of Media
3.6.1 Preparation of Mueller Hinton Agar (MHS)
3.6.2 Preparation of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
3.7 Preparation of Microbial Suspension (McFaland Standard)
3.8 Inoculation of media
3.9 Preparation of Extract Solution.
3.10 Sensitive Test Using Agar well diffusion method
3.11 Measurement of zones on inhibition.
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Conditions very in developing countries, but people especially woman in many regions spend much time in manually while they could be doing more propitable or rewarding work elsewhere. People wash clothes by hand, using cold or lakewarm water existing technologies for washing clothes do not work well in underdeveloped rural ares. In developing countries, rural people (woman mostly) are among the least privileged. Several local organizations have already expressed an interest in pedal operated washing machine technology. It is an affordable, environment friendly alternative to devices operated by electricity or fossi fuels. Since it is based on bicycle components. The machine can be manufactured locally and repair parts are affordable and readily available. Pedal operated washing machine is one which does not require electricity for all its operations processes live wahing rinsing, drilling etc. the design is ideal for use in the developing countries because it does not require electricity and can be buit using metal object for it’s frame, chain sprocket, bearings, foot pedal and drum.
The main advantage of pedal operated powering system would be it’s ease of use by many persons who are young or old, except under health challenges (conditions).
The components used for pedal powered washing machine include the following:
a. Seat: Seat is an arrangement in any bicycle on which a person can sit confortably. Seat may be made of plastic, rubber, metal covered with soft movexial.
b. Pedal Arrangement: A bicycle pedal is the part of a bicycle that eh riders puch with their feet, to propel the bicycle. It provides the connection between the cyclist foot and the crank thus allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindie and propel the bicycles wheels.
c. Bearings. A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion between moving parts to only the desired motion the bearings are placed on the sides of the drum shaft resting on a support of the frame of the machine. Bearings help in smooth rotation of the shafts, thereby reducing the pedaling effort.
d. Chain: It is used for transmission of power the regular bicycle chains is used as it is ineporsive, suitable, easy to intall and highly efficient drive mechanism.
e. Shaft: In the pedal powered washing machine, the first shaft is coupied to the pedal and acts as a driving shaft carries the rolating drum.
f. Drum: It is the chamber in which clothes is soaked in water is mixed with detergent in this type of machine there are two drums, the inside and the outside drum the inside drum.
g. The frame: Is one of the main components of the pedal operated washing machines on which all the othe components are mounted.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The electric washing machine is one of the most important technologies to become wide spread in use in the world. This si because it ahs given people in launding business a good amount of freedom. This time-saving technology has made an impact on the lives of house formulate enough to affort it laspite of its importance to reduce home of washing, stress and effect of detergent associated with how washing yet it still has the following problems.
– Absence of Elechiah, the automatic washing machine cannot be used without problem.
– Vibration problem
– Problems associated with electrical parts such as tripping off burning od electrical components and shock.
– Its power source is generator which uses fuel and oil. It leads to more expenses in purchase of generator, fuel and maintenance and also result to endangering. Life and environment by pollution. Therefore, the assignment of this project is to design and construct a paval powered washing machine which will be operated without electricity. One of the most important requirmetns ist hat the washing amchine must wash cloth like that of an automatic (electric) washing macine its innovation lies in its simple design , use of inexpsive parts, very low repair and maintenance cost and it is environment and eco-friendly.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of the project:
– Design and construction fo pedal powered washing machine that operates without electricity and wash any type of cloth.
– Provides a low cost machine.
– A very effective machine with lwo maintenance cost. It should have readily available components and should be economically efficient.
1.4 Justification
This project has the following merits
– The machine does nto use electricity. Thus, suitable for places where electricity is not avialbe or is expensive.
– It does not use generator, therefore no further cost for generator repairs.
– Saves time as compared to washing cloth by hand.
– The machine will be of low cost and affordable.
– One will also be exercising while washing at the same time.
– It is easy to maintain, as components are readily available.
– Those doing laundry job rural areas will benefit as it will boost laundry businesss generally within the rural communities.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project is to design and construct a pedal powered washing machine. It si limited to:
– Shedy on washing machine on the basis of design, construction, performances, economy and application.
– Design and construction of a working unit of a low cost washing machine made up of easily and readily avaialbe parts.
– It generates power through human pevaling and the drive mechanism.
– Cost analysis of a unit pedal powered washing machine.
Complete Material Cost #3,000