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ABSTRACT
The design and construction of a microcontroller based speed alarm system for vehicles is the main focus of this project. This study was embarked on to reduce speed related accidents. Electronic components such as LEDs, capacitor, resistors, crystal oscillator, diodes, step down transformer, Atmega328p microcontroller, Neo6m GPS module, V5 relay, 2n2222 transistor,16× 2 LCD, voltage regulator (LM7805) and buzzer were used in the design of the circuit. The results gotten at the end of the project are; scanning time= 120 secs. Max, warning speed limit =45kmph, shut down level = 50kmph. The buzzer goes off when the speed of the vehicle reaches 45kmph as a warning to the driver to slow down but if the car isn’t slowed down and the vehicle gets to 50kmph with the help of the transistor and the relay the ignition will be turned off, this speed is monitored by the GPS module synchronized with a satellite
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 5
1.3 AIMAND OBJECTIVES 5
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 6
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 6
1.6 CHRONOLOGY OF STUDY 6
CHAPTER 2 8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 EVOLUTION OF SPEED SENSORS 8
2.2 SPEEDOMETER 11
2.3 ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROL 12
2.4 HALL EFFECT GEAR TOOTH SENSOR 14
2.5 SPEED LIMITS 15
2.6 DEFINITION OF COMPONENTS 16
2.7 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE 18
CHAPTER THREE 20
3.0 METHODOLOGY 20
3.1CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 22
3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 22
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 23
3.4 STEPS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN 24
3.5 COMPONENTS USED 24
3.6 THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT 25
CHAPTER FOUR 26
4.0 TESTING AND RESULT 26
4.1 TESTING THE POWER SUPPLY 26
4.2 TESTING OF ROCKER SWITCH 26
4.3 TESTING OF DIODE (LED) 26
4.4 TESTING OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR 27
4.5 TESTING OF CAPACITORS 27
4.6 TESTING OF RESISTOR (1KΩ) 27
4.7 TESTING THE RELAYS 27
4.8 SOLDERING TECHNIQUE 28
4.9 TRIP BOARD 28
4.10 OBSERVATIONS MADE BEFORE MOUNTING 29
4.11 OBSERVATION AND DECISION MADE AFTER COMPLETING THE CIRCUIT DESIGN 29
4.12 SOLDER 29
4.13 MODE OF CASING 31
4.14 RESULTS 31
CHAPTER FIVE 32
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 32
5.1 SUMMARY 32
5.2 CONCLUSION 32
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 32
References 34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There have been an alarming rise in road accidents significantly high way accidents. According to a study conducted by the accident research centre (ARC) of BUET, road accidents claim an average of 12,000 lives annually and level to about 35,000 injuries (Pratik Roy et al, 2016).
The report by the federal road safety commission (FRSC) of Nigeria in 2013 shows that as much as 32% of all accidents that occurred that year were attributed to speed related issues. Different types of technology have been deployed over the past three decades with a view of controlling the speed of automobiles in other to reduce cases of fatal accident.
The most modern autonomous system that uses the GPS (Global Positioning System) for the location of vehicles and control of speed is the intelligent speed adaptation. This system uses the GPS within the vehicle to determine the location. A memorized digital map included in the system enables the speed limit of the location to be determined so the driver can be properly reminded to stay within the determined speed limit. This complex system however required the availability of the satellite system that forms the GPS, a detailed construction of the digital maps of all the roads in a country where it is deployed as well as the availability and maintenance of good road. This factors may not exist in developing countries the system describe in this work but it is a purely advisory type as it does not take measures to operate the braking or throttling of the car; this aspect is however successfully simulated to work using a DC motor. The system triggersan audible alarm when the speed limit is approached and off the ignition of the vehicle when the limit is reached. The system described in this work is easy to operate and also cheap.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Driving is one of the common tasks performed daily by ordinary people. Without noticing it, drivers may put themselves in dangerous situations that can contribute to accident and injuries. Human errors are the biggest contributor of all possible causing factors during a crash (Chan, 2007). Nigeria and other countries in the world lose a great number of their citizens in cases of road traffic accidents every year (OmidijiandIbitoye, 2010). The report by the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) of Nigeria in 2013 shows that as much as 32% of all accidents that occurred that year were attributed to speed related issues (Federal Road Safety Corps 2013). Different types of technologies have been deployed over the past three decades with a view to controlling the speed of automobiles in order to reduce the cases of fatal accidents. (Akihiko, Iwaoka, Yamaguchi, andDanzaki, 1992) patented an automatic car speed controller whose driving circuit is operated by the difference between the actual car speed and the memorized car speed. A similar system is also reported in (Akihiko, Iwaoka, Yamaguchi, andDanzaki, 1992). The systems discussed in Akihiko et al. (1990) and Akihiko et al. (1992) have been rendered obsolete by newer and improved car manufacturing technologies. More modern systems that use electro-hydraulic braking systems and electronic control of throttles are reported by Eswaramoorthy and Araunkumar (2014). Bianco, Luigi, and Marco, (2013) used the notation of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to theoretically model a car speed regulator. An electronic system to control car speed using two variable resistors for generating speed control signals that are processed and transformed into a digital signal for controlling the driving speed of an electric car is discussed in the work by Byum (1998). Instrumented Cars have been used widely in various research applications to study driver behavior (SukardIbrahim and Ariffin, 2014).
A system that uses the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for identification of traffic signals on the road and also for infrastructure to vehicle communication is reported by Perez et al. (2010). This elaborate system not only controls the speed of vehicle and shows its location using the global positioning system (GPS) but is also capable of avoiding vehicle to road infrastructure collisions. This system employs many sensors and electronics and this fact will make it to be costly. Other systems that are based on RFID and RF transmitter receiver pairs are reported in Madhu, Adhaulya, Singh,Sambhavi, and Chauhan, (2014). These systems require the installations of an extensive road infrastructure in the form of roadside beacons. The most modern autonomous system that uses the GPS for the location of vehicles and control of speed is the Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) (Paine 2008; Carsten and Tate 2005).
This system uses the GPS within the vehicle to determine its location. A memorized digital map included in the system enables the speed limit of the location to be determined so that the driver can be properly advised to stay within this prescribed speed limit. This complex system will certainly require the availability of the satellite system that forms the GPS, a detailed construction of the digital maps of all the roads in a country where it is deployed as well as the availability and maintenance of good roads. These factors may not always exist in developing countries. The system described in this work is a purely advisory type as it does not take any active measures to operate the braking or the throttling of the car; this aspect is however successfully simulated in the work using a dc motor. The system uses visual indicators i.e. writes messages on the screen of a liquid crystal display (LCD) to alert the driver of the necessity to stay within prescribed speed limits. An audible alarm is also triggered when the driver approach the speed limit. The system described in this work is simple to operate and is also much cheaper than the other systems that have been earlier described in the literature review.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The report by the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) of Nigeria in 2013 shows that as much as 32% of all accidents that occurred that year were attributed to speed related issues (Federal Road Safety Corps 2013). In recent times technologies have been put in place over the past three decades with a view to controlling the speed of automobiles in order to reduce the cases of fatal accidents.
The only problem of this work is that: using the panic alarm, when a person is driving, an unduly harsh warning may be startling, and may cause an involuntary reaction that could be dangerous to the driver and to others.
The speed alarm is design to regulate the speed of drivers and to reduce road accidents
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to design and construct a microprocessor based speed alarm system for vehicles. The objectives of the project are:
1. To construct a microprocessor based alarm for vehicles.
2. To design a digital speedometer.
3. To obtain vehicle current speed via GPS
4. To design a device that gives warning alert when speed limit is approached and shut down engine after limit has been exceeded.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This device controls the speed of vehicles to avoid accidents. Using the system we can control and monitor speed. If the speed goes beyond first limit then alarm is generated to notify the driver and after that if the speed again is increased to the given limit then the vehicle is automatically switched off.
This enables the driver to keep his or her eyes ‘on the road: instead of having to frequently look down at the speedometer to check the speed.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The concept used in developing the model is detecting the speed of the vehicle using a GPS module and a microcontroller and controlling the speed by alerting the driver by an audio signal and also slowing down the vehicle if safety measures aren’t carried out.
1.6 CHRONOLOGY OF STUDY
Chapter one: In the introduction we discussed speeding accidents, solutions and developments on solutions. We also reviewed the background of the project, defined the aim/objectives of the project, reviewed the significance of the project and also the scope of the project.
Chapter two: Literature review presents more specific discussions on the microprocessor based speed alarm system for vehicles such as evolution of speed sensors, speedometers, electronic speed control, hall effect gear tooth sensor, speed limits and also defined the components used to construct the circuit.
Chapter three: Methodology features the steps and methodology used to design the microprocessor based speed alarm system for vehicles, the circuit diagram, working principle, block diagram, operations, components used, picture of completed circuit and power supply unit of the microprocessor based speed alarm for vehicles.
Chapter four: Results and discussions contains the details of the microprocessor based speed alarm for vehicles, including the tests carri3eed out and their respective results.
Chapter five: Summary and conclusion is the summary and conclusion being made for project done. Apart from that recommendations were made for future development and improvement on the project.
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