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Abstract
This project is titled construction of a Micro-Controller base from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off point system. It’s an acid battery charger that is designed to charge 12v acid battery. It is basically a DC power supply source. Here a transformer is used to step down the AC mains input voltage to the required level as per the rating of the transformer. A bridge rectifier configuration is used to rectify the low voltage AC into DC and is further smoothed by a high value electrolytic capacitor. This DC is fed to an electronic circuit which regulates the voltage into a constant level and is applied to the battery under charge, where the energy is stored through an internal process of chemical reaction.
The choose components has many unique characteristic and much more expensive. The circuit provides quick response to poor battery charging rate.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
Abstract vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 1
1.3 Objectives of the Study 2
1.4 Significance of the Study 3
1.5 Scope of the Study 3
1.6 Limitation of the Study 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Theoretical Framework 4
2.2 Charge and Discharge rates 5
2.3 Types of Chargers 6
2.3.1 Simple Charger 6
2.3.2 Fast Charger 7
2.3.3 Three Stage Chargers 7
2.3.4 Induction-powered Charger 8
2.3.5 Intelligent Charger 8
2.3.6 Motion-Powered Charger 9
2.3.7 Pulse Charger 9
2.3.8 Solar Charger 10
2.3.9 Timer-Based Charger 10
2.3.10 Trickle Charger 11
2.4 Universal Battery Charger–Analyzer 12
2.4.1 Usb-Based Charger 12
2.4.2 Power Bank 12
2.6 Applications 13
2.7 Mobile Phone Charger 13
2.8 Review Related Parts and Components 14
2.8.1 Resistor 14
2.8.1.1 Types of Resistors 15
2.8.1.2 Fixed Value Resistor 15
2.8.1.3 Variable Resistor (Preset) 15
2.8.2 Capacitor 16
2.8.2.1 Types of Capacitors 16
2.8.2.2 Ceramic Capacitor 17
2.8.2.3 Electrolytic Capacitor 17
2.8.3 Diodes 18
2.8.3.1 Types of Diode 18
2.8.3.2 Light Emitting Diode 18
2.8.3.3 Rectifier Diode 19
2.8.4 7805 Voltage Regulators 19
2.8.5 Crystal Oscillator 20
2.8.6 Atmega 328p Micro-Controller 21
2.8.6.1 Series Alternatives 22
2.8.6.2 Applications 22
CHAPTER THREE 24
METHODOLOGY 24
3.1 Definition and type of experiment 24
3.2 Circuit Diagram 24
3.3 Principle of Operation 25
3.4 Project Block Diagram 26
3.5 Procedures 27
3.6 Components Used 27
CHAPTER FOUR 28
PRESENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS 28
4.1 Testing the Power Supply 28
4.2 Testing of Rocker switch 28
4.3 Testing of Diode (Led) 28
4.4 Testing of Voltage Regulator 28
4.5 Testing of Capacitors 29
4.6 Testing of Resistor (1KΩ) 29
4.7 Testing the Relays 29
4.8 Soldering Technique 29
4.11 Solder 29
4.12 Mode of Casing Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.13 Results 30
CHAPTER FIVE 31
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 31
5.1 Recommendation 31
5.2 Need for Further Improvement 31
5.3 Conclusion 31
References 32
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
A simple Micro-Controller based from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off point system works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive. The circuit of a battery charger has the ability to convert voltages from one form to another (usually AC to DC voltages). This process is carried out through the use of some important components like: rectifiers, capacitor to filter and remove ripples from the AC source and a voltage regulator (IC). However, this project is based on the construction of a simple Micro-Controller based from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off point system with local materials to reduce cost. The proposed project design works on 1.2v to 24v batteries. There is resistance connected in the battery charger to limit the short circuit current.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The life span of a battery mostly used by automobile drivers can be maximized by avoiding over loading, overcharging, and inputting charge current higher than battery manufacture’s rated value (Bangaru, at al, 2013). It was observed over time that most commercial battery charging service centers in town (Enugu, Nigeria) that are patronized by automobile drivers uses the conventional battery charger type that is built without an automatic charging cut-off circuit to provide charging services to their customers. The unavailability of this automatic charging cut-off circuit causes the operator to constantly be on manual check to determine when the connected battery is charged (Baker, 2014).
Irrespective of the discharge level of the battery received from customers, the service center operator often connects the battery and allows it to charge over night without monitoring. This frequent practice often leads to overcharging of the connected battery. Secondly, in an attempt to deliver quick service and satisfy the customer’s expected time of need, they sometimes, adjust the charging setting of the charger to increase the charging current so as to reduce the charging time in order to get the battery charged within a short time. This kind of practice shortens the life span of the battery. However, these common problems had suggested the development and construction of a 12V portable battery charger with built-in automatic charging cut-off circuit in order to encourage domestic usage. This would help automobile drivers to avoid charging problems associated with commercial services centers (Bangaru, at al, 2013).
Some components like a protection fuse and current reverse prevention diode were considered during development of this product to prevent problems that may result from short circuit current and reverse current.
Considering, the compact shape of the battery charger, with very low ventilation an extractor fan was incorporated to drive away hot air and moisture that would be generated inside the charger compartment during operation (Bangaru, at al, 2013).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The specifics objectives are as follows:
• To design a device that will recharge12v lead acid battery when discharged.
• To design a device that has the ability to indicate charging process, low battery and fully charge levels through LED indicators.
1.4 Significance of the Study
simple Micro-Controller based from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off point system is a simple circuit that comprises of different component that are soldered together on a circuit board to give or produce a require function. Therefore, the importance of this project work is to aid both technicians and students on how to construct a simple battery charger circuit and how it works. It is hoped that after the construction of this charger circuit, it will be kept on the laboratory to be used for battery charging and for practical’s and other academic functions.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This project work is limited to the construction and demonstration of a simple battery charger of1.2 to 24v. The circuit input voltage is 240volts from the AC supply mains which will be stepped down by a step-down transformer to 30volts. The 30volts AC is rectified through a bridge rectifier and filtered through capacitor connected in parallel from the positive terminal of the bridge rectifier. The output voltage is used to charge a battery. The project is limited to batteries between 1.2v and 24v.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
During the project work, we encountered the following problems which in one way or the other have prevented us from completing the work at the usually time. They include: financial problems, time factor and unavailability of material which we have to move from far distance in search of textbooks.
Complete Material Cost #3,000