CONSTRUCTION OF ULTRA SONIC SENSORED WALK STICK (FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS)

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ABSTRACT

The project constructed is automatic wireless motion activated alarm system. It involves wireless transfer of information, typically of an intruder. This project is such that it detects an intruder, transits this information wirelessly to a receiver station where the information transmitted is decoded and interpreted and then sound an alarm. The information transmitted is the change in motion of human and pets. This system is unique since the intruder has absolutely no understanding that an alarm has been raised. The project was constructed in stage, the first section is the transmitter module and an arduino PIR sensor. The PIR detects the motion and it is transmitted through a 433MHz transmitter module. The module can transmit short message using ASK modulation and protocol called VirtualWire. The VirtualWire on the arduino library provides the features to send short messages without addressing, retransmitting or acknowledgement, using ASK (Amplitude Shift Key). At the receiver section, the receiver module interprets the short message and then sounds an alarm.

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE       i

DECLARATION ii

CERTIFICATION         iii

DEDICATION     iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT       v

ABSTRACT        vi

TABLE OF CONTENT viii

LIST OF TABLE xii

LIST OF FIGURE         xiii

CHAPTER ONE  1

1.0     INTRODUCTION        1

1.2     PROBLEM STATEMENT      2

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY        2

1.4     SCOPE OF THE STUDY      3

1.5     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY      3

CHAPTER TWO 4

2.0        LITERATURE REVIEW     4

2.1 INTRODUCTION   4

2.2.0 DEFINITIONS     4

2.2.1  MOTION SENSOR       4

2.2.2  Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor 5

2.3.0  PARTS AND COMPONENTS         5

2.3.1  THE TRANSMITTER SECTION    5

2.3.2  THE RECEIVER SECTION   7

2.4.0  EXISTING SYSTEM    7

2.4.1.0        Types of Motion Sensors        8

2.4.1.1        Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor 9

2.4.1.2        Ultrasonic Sensor 9

2.4.1.3        Microwave Sensor         10

2.4.1.4        Tomographic Sensor     11

2.4.1.5        Combined types of Motion Sensors  11

2.5     PROPOSED SYSTEM  12

2.6     ALARM BASED HUMAN MOTION DETECTOR     12

CHAPTER THREE       14

3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY     14

INTRODUCTION.        14

3.1     TRANSMITTER SECTION   14

3.1.1  PIR SENSOR STAGE  15

3.1.1.1        CONSTRUCTION OF THE PIR SENSOR STAGE     16

3.1.2  SIGNAL PROCESSING STAGE    16

3.1.2.1        CONSTRUCTION OF SIGNAL PROCESSING STAGE       17

3.1.3  TRANSMITTER STAGE       17

3.2     RECEIVER SECTION  18

3.2.1  SIGNAL PROCESSING STAGE     20

3.2.1.1        CONSTRUCTION OF SIGNAL PROCESSING STAGE       20

3.2.2  RECEIVER STAGE     21

3.2.3  ALARM CONTROL UNIT    21

3.2.3.1        CONSTRUCTION OF ALARM CONTROL UNIT      22

3.3     CIRCUIT OPERATION          23

CHAPTER FOUR         27

4.0     RESULT AND TESTING       27

4.1     RESULT     27

4.2     TESTING THE PIR STAGE   27

4.3     TESTING THE TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT       29

4.4     THE TESTING THE RECEIVER CIRCUIT       30

4.5.0  COMPONENTS USED 31

4.5.1  PIR MOTION SENSOR         31

4.5.2 FUNCTION OF PIR PINS       35

5.0     MOTION DETECTOR ALARM CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC    36

5.1     RF 315/433 MHZ TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER MODULE  37

5.1.1  TRANSMITTER: 37

5.1.2  RECEIVER:        37

5.1.3  RF TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER MODULE      38

5.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE CODES USED FOR TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER 40

5.3TRANSISTORS       41

5.3.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF 2N2222A:       41

5.3.2  WHERE TO USE 2N2222A   41

5.3.3 HOW TO USE 2N2222A        42

5.4     BC 547 TRANSISTOR          43

5.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BC547     43

5.4.2 EQUIVALENT REPLACEMENT    44

5.4.3 CURRENT RATING     45

5.5 LM7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR    45

5.6 DIODE 47

5.7   CAPACITOR        51

5.7.1  THEORY OF OPERATION  52

5.7.2  CAPACITOR NETWORKS  53

5.7.3 TYPES OF CAPACITOR        54

5.8 RESISTOR    55

5.8.1 THEORY OF OPERATION    56

2.8.2TYPES OF RESISTOR   56

2.8.3  RESISTOR VALUE CHAT   57

5.9 ATMEGA 328         57

2.9.1 ATMEGA328 PINOUT 59

5.9.2 ATMEGA328 PINS DESCRIPTION          60

5.9.3 ATMEGA328 MEMORY        61

5.9.4 ATMEGA328 REGISTERS    62

5.9.5 ATMEGA328 PACKAGES    62

5.9.6 ATMEGA328 BLOCK DIAGRAM  62

5.9.7  ATMEGA328 AND ARDUINO PINS      66

CHAPTER FIVE 67

5.0     CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION    67

5.1     CONCLUSION    67

5.2     RECOMMENDATION 67

REFERENCE      68

APPENDIX A      70

APPENDIX B      72

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Recent days, increasing criminal rates such as burglary and house break-in make people wants to secure their life and properties against attacks, damages or losses. In older time, measures such as lock the doors and windows, turn on lights when nobody home, put few pairs of shoes in front of house when away from house can prevent house from being broken-in. However, these traditional ways are not reliable anymore. Next, close house monitoring has been introduced into market. Its purpose is to keep an eye or surveillance people’s home by employing a safeguard or home security company. People dissatisfy close house monitoring because of the too expensive employment fees especially for ordinary family. Besides, people feel that they are lack of privacy when they are under surveillance of third party. Due to reasons mentioned above, a fast approach idea has come out to satisfy the need of people and to improve and secure life and property. In this research, an idea to design and construct a security system with monitoring purpose for ordinary family has been proposed. In this new technology era, latest technologies have always been implanted to system in order to produce excellent output performance. Therefore, a more reliable system consists of more sophisticated and expensive devices. A still productive system which consists of cheaper devices or older technologies has its own limitations.

When there is input alarm signal from any sensor, data command will be processed and notifythe user. Another indirect advantage for wireless motion detector system is to prevent house, parking lodge, offices, and site from becoming an easy target for burglars.

This project uses RF transmitter and Receiver module to communicate short SMS from the target to receiver section where the information transmitted is interpreted by ATMEGA 328, which in turn activate the alarm circuit to ward off the intruders intent.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The numbers of break-in and attack of easy targets is increasing. Therefore, there is a need to install a security system which can detect illegal intrusion distance away. Current home security system which is sensor based can detect intrusion and trigger the alarm. For example, when a door contact is illegally opened, siren is triggered. However, user is alerted immediately if an intruder comes within the range of PIR sensor used.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this study is:

To create a security-based system which is more affordable and flexible.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study seeks to contribute to the following:

1)      To develop a low cost and reliable motion detector security system.

2)      To enable monitoring to of intruder an intended intruder.

3)      To develop wireless transfer of short information with regards to limitation of theProject.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project wireless motion detector consists of two subsystems which are wireless motion detection using Arduino PIR sensor and RF transmitter module system, and monitoring system consisting an alarm system and RF receiver. The wireless detection is within 70 meters circumference (the range of the RF transmitter and receiver module).

1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This project: wireless motion detector is limited to design and constructing a system that detects human or pet motions within a restricted area and then transmit the intruders presence to section of the circuit which in response turns ON an alarm.

 

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