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CONSTRUCTION OF ULTRA SONIC SENSORED WALK STICK
(FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS)
ABSTRACT
This project is on the design of ultra sonic sensored walk stick. The device operates using an ultra sonic sensor to detect the distance between the visually impaired and any obstacle. This in turn sends a signal to the micro-controller which is the heart of the circuit that interprets the programmed language and triggers the buzzer through the transistor and displays the interpreted signal via the light emitting diode. The idea of this project is to modify any previously built obstacle detectors using other forms of sensors so as to suit our generation and to help increase protection of lives.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 3
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 4
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 4
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 5
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 6
CHAPTER TWO 7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
2.1 WHAT IS AN ULTRA SONIC SENSOR? 7
2.2 ORIGIN OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR 7
2.3 SONAR AND MODERN DAY SCIENCE 8
2.4 APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR IN ARDUINO MOBILITY CANE 9
2.5 APPLICATION OF INFRARED (IR) SENSOR IN ELECTRONIC GUIDING STICK. 9
2.5.1 BASIC CONCEPT 9
2.6 APPLICATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN BLIND NAVIGATION SYSTEM 10
2.6.1 BASIC CONCEPT 10
2.7 VOICE OPERATED OUTDOOR NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED SYSTEM. 11
2.8 SMART STICK WITH ARTIFICIAL VISION 12
CHAPTER THREE 16
MATERIALS AND METHODS 16
3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS USED 16
3.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS USED 17
3.3 METHODS 20
3.4 DEFINITION AND TYPE OF EXPERIMENT STAGE BY STAGE ADOPTED 20
3.4.1 THE ULTRASONIC SENSOR 21
3.4.2 HARDWARE PART 22
3.4.3 THE TRANSMITTER 23
3.5 THE COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ANALYSIS 29
THE TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT 29
3.6 OPERATION OF TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT 30
3.7 PICTORIAL DIAGRAM OF THE COMPLETED WORK 33
3.8 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 35
3.9 WORKING PRINCIPLE 36
CHAPTER FOUR 39
RESULT ANALYSIS 39
4.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 39
4.2 RESPONSE OF STICK FOR VARIOUS OBSTACLES 39
4.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRASONIC 40
4.4 SENSOR DETECTION ANALYSIS 41
4.5 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) MODULE ANALYSIS 43
4.5.1 EXPERIMENT 1 43
4.5.2 EXPERIMENT 2…………………………………………………………………………44
4.6 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR) ANALYSIS. 45
CHAPTER FIVE 48
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 48
5.1 CONCLUSION 48
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 49
REFERENCES 50
APPENDIX A 52
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
There are approximately 37 million people across the globe who are blind. Even for the non-visually impaired, the congestion of obstacles is sometimes problematic; it is even worse for the visually impaired, people with visual disability are often dependent on external assistance which can be provided by humans, trained dogs or special electronic devices as a support system for decision making. Existing devices are able to detect and recognize objects that emerge on the floor, but a considerable risk also includes the objects that are at the sudden depth, or obstacles above waist level or stairs.
Thus we are motivated to develop a smart white cane to overcome these limitations. The most common tool that the blind currently use to navigate is the standard white cane. The user sweeps the cane back and forth in front of them.
When they hits an object or falls off the edge of a stair, the user then becomes aware of the obstacle- sometimes too late. We accomplished this goal by adding ultrasonic sensor at specific positions to the cane that provided information about the environment to the user through audio feed back. Another feature added, is the radio-frequency (RF) module which is used to find the stick if it is misplaced around.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Vision is the most important part of human physiology as 83% of information human being gets from the environment is via sight. The 2011 statistics by the world health organization (WHO) estimates that there are 285 million people in the world with visual impairment, 39 million of which are blind and 246 with low vision. The traditional and oldest mobility aids for persons with visual impairments are the walking cane (also called white cane or stick) and guide dogs. The most important drawbacks of these aids are necessary skills and training phase, range of motion and very little information conveyed. With the rapid advances of modern technology both in hardware and software programs, the need to provide intelligent navigation capabilities has also increased. Recently, there have been a lot of Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) designed and devised to help the blind navigate independently and safely. Also high-end technological solutions have been introduced recently to help blind persons to navigate independently.
Many blind guidance systems use ultra sound because of its immunity to the environmental noise. Another reason why ultrasonic is popular is that the technology is relatively inexpensive, and also ultrasound emitters and detectors are small enough to be carried without the need for complex circuit. Blind people have used canes as mobility tools for centuries, but it was not until after World War I that the white cane was introduced.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
God gave sense of vision to human being as an important aspect of our life. But there are some unfortunate people who lack the ability of visualizing things. The visually impaired have to face many challenges in their life. The problem gets worse when they travel to an unfamiliar location. Only visually impaired people can provide dynamic navigation through sound output.
Many a times, they bump into the object or obstacle before the cane could detect the object. Also, when they misplace this walking stick around, they find it difficult to locate easily. This can be overcome by adding an ultrasonic sensor to the stick to detect the obstacle ahead and signal the user via the sound of a buzzer. Also, the press of a button on a remote can locate the misplaced stick; the walking stick has a receiver attached to it.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The main objective of the project is to guide a visually impaired person to walk and avoid bumping into obstacles. Low cost ultrasonic range funder along with a microcontroller is used to measure the distance to obstacles and if they are close enough provides a feedback to the user in form of beeps. Also to enable the blind person to locate his walking sticks if misplaced, by pressing a button on the remote and locate the direction of the beeps.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
By completing this project:
a) This ultrasonic walking stick will help to prevent unnecessary bumping into an obstacle by the visually impaired persons.
b) By using this system, the blind can easily find its walking stick if misplaced around
c) It is an effective device that upgrades the white cane.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scopes of the project are:
a) Design and program an ultrasonic walking stick using Pic16f873A microcontroller with micro basic compiler software.
b) To mount an ultrasonic sensor on the stick to find the distance of the object from the user at about 2m.
c) To mount a buzzer on the walking stick to beep for obstacle detection.
d) Mount an RF receiver on the walking stick for signal reception from the transmitter by press of button on the remote, to locate the walking stick if misplaced.
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Ultrasonic walking stick senses obstacles that is below kneel level and any obstacle that is above kneel level cannot be detected.
Also obstacle above waist level cannot be detected and
Obstacle within and above chest level cannot be detected.
The cost and availability of materials and technical knowhow of how to implement the project was difficult to combine.
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