CONSTRUCTION OF MICRO-CONTROLLER BASE FROM 1.2-24V BATTERY CHARGER WITH LCD AND CUT OFF POINT SYSTEM

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Abstract

This project is titled construction of a Micro-Controller base from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off point system. It’s an acid battery charger that is designed to charge 12v acid battery. It is basically a DC power supply source. Here a transformer is used to step down the AC mains input voltage to the required level as per the rating of the transformer. A bridge rectifier configuration is used to rectify the low voltage AC into DC and is further smoothed by a high value electrolytic capacitor. This DC is fed to an electronic circuit which regulates the voltage into a constant level and is applied to the battery under charge, where the energy is stored through an internal process of chemical reaction.

The choose components has many unique characteristic and much more expensive. The circuit provides quick response to poor battery charging rate.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page    i

DECLARATION ii

CERTIFICATION         iii

DEDICATION     iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT       v

Abstract      vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

CHAPTER ONE  1

INTRODUCTION         1

1.1 Background of the Study  1

1.2 Statement of the Problem  1

1.3  Objectives of the Study    2

1.4 Significance of the Study   3

1.5 Scope of the Study  3

1.6 Limitation of the Study     3

CHAPTER TWO 4

LITERATURE REVIEW        4

2.1 Theoretical Framework     4

2.2 Charge and Discharge rates        5

2.3 Types of Chargers   6

2.3.1 Simple Charger     6

2.3.2 Fast Charger         7

2.3.3 Three Stage Chargers     7

2.3.4 Induction-powered Charger     8

2.3.5 Intelligent Charger          8

2.3.6 Motion-Powered Charger         9

2.3.7 Pulse Charger       9

2.3.8 Solar Charger       10

2.3.9 Timer-Based Charger     10

2.3.10 Trickle Charger   11

2.4 Universal Battery Charger–Analyzer   12

2.4.1 Usb-Based Charger        12

2.4.2 Power Bank 12

2.6 Applications  13

2.7 Mobile Phone Charger       13

2.8 Review Related Parts and Components         14

2.8.1 Resistor       14

2.8.1.1 Types of Resistors      15

2.8.1.2 Fixed Value Resistor   15

2.8.1.3 Variable Resistor (Preset)     15

2.8.2 Capacitor    16

2.8.2.1 Types of Capacitors    16

2.8.2.2 Ceramic Capacitor      17

2.8.2.3 Electrolytic Capacitor 17

2.8.3 Diodes         18

2.8.3.1 Types of Diode  18

2.8.3.2 Light Emitting Diode   18

2.8.3.3 Rectifier Diode   19

2.8.4 7805 Voltage Regulators         19

2.8.5 Crystal Oscillator 20

2.8.6 Atmega 328p Micro-Controller         21

2.8.6.1 Series Alternatives      22

2.8.6.2 Applications      22

CHAPTER THREE       24

METHODOLOGY        24

3.1 Definition and type of experiment        24

3.2 Circuit Diagram       24

3.3 Principle of Operation       25

3.4 Project Block Diagram      26

3.5 Procedures     27

3.6 Components Used   27

CHAPTER FOUR         28

PRESENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS  28

4.1   Testing the Power Supply         28

4.2   Testing of Rocker switch 28

4.3 Testing of Diode (Led)       28

4.4 Testing of Voltage Regulator      28

4.5 Testing of Capacitors        29

4.6 Testing of Resistor (1KΩ) 29

4.7 Testing the Relays   29

4.8 Soldering Technique          29

4.11   Solder         29

4.12 Mode of Casing     Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.13 Results         30

CHAPTER FIVE 31

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION  31

5.1 Recommendation     31

5.2 Need for Further Improvement   31

5.3 Conclusion     31

References  32

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

A simple Micro-Controller based from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off  point system works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive. The circuit of a battery charger has the ability to convert voltages from one form to another (usually AC to DC voltages). This process is carried out through the use of some important components like: rectifiers, capacitor to filter and remove ripples from the AC source and a voltage regulator (IC). However, this project is based on the construction of a simple Micro-Controller based from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off point system with local materials to reduce cost. The proposed project design works on 1.2v to 24v batteries. There is resistance connected in the battery charger to limit the short circuit current.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The life span of a battery mostly used by automobile drivers can be maximized by avoiding over loading, overcharging, and inputting charge current higher than battery manufacture’s rated value (Bangaru, at al, 2013). It was observed over time that most commercial battery charging service centers in town (Enugu, Nigeria) that are patronized by automobile drivers uses the conventional battery charger type that is built without an automatic charging cut-off circuit to provide charging services to their customers. The unavailability of this automatic charging cut-off circuit causes the operator to constantly be on manual check to determine when the connected battery is charged (Baker, 2014).

Irrespective of the discharge level of the battery received from customers, the service center operator often connects the battery and allows it to charge over night without monitoring. This frequent practice often leads to overcharging of the connected battery. Secondly, in an attempt to deliver quick service and satisfy the customer’s expected time of need, they sometimes, adjust the charging setting of the charger to increase the charging current so as to reduce the charging time in order to get the battery charged within a short time. This kind of practice shortens the life span of the battery. However, these common problems had suggested the development and construction of a 12V portable battery charger with built-in automatic charging cut-off circuit in order to encourage domestic usage. This would help automobile drivers to avoid charging problems associated with commercial services centers (Bangaru, at al, 2013).

Some components like a protection fuse and current reverse prevention diode were considered during development of this product to prevent problems that may result from short circuit current and reverse current.

Considering, the compact shape of the battery charger, with very low ventilation an extractor fan was incorporated to drive away hot air and moisture that would be generated inside the charger compartment during operation (Bangaru, at al, 2013).

1.3  Objectives of the Study

The specifics objectives are as follows:

•        To design a device that will recharge12v lead acid battery when discharged.

•        To design a device that has the ability to indicate charging process, low battery and fully charge levels through LED indicators.

1.4 Significance of the Study

simple Micro-Controller based from 1.2 – 24v Battery charger with LCD and cut off  point system is a simple circuit that comprises of different component that are soldered together on a circuit board to give or produce a require function. Therefore, the importance of this project work is to aid both technicians and students on how to construct a simple battery charger circuit and how it works. It is hoped that after the construction of this charger circuit, it will be kept on the laboratory to be used for battery charging and for practical’s and other academic functions.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This project work is limited to the construction and demonstration of a simple battery charger of1.2 to 24v. The circuit input voltage is 240volts from the AC supply mains which will be stepped down by a step-down transformer to 30volts. The 30volts AC is rectified through a bridge rectifier and filtered through capacitor connected in parallel from the positive terminal of the bridge rectifier. The output voltage is used to charge a battery. The project is limited to batteries between 1.2v and 24v.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

During the project work, we encountered the following problems which in one way or the other have prevented us from completing the work at the usually time. They include: financial problems, time factor and unavailability of material which we have to move from far distance in search of textbooks.

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