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ABSTRACT
The hydro-chemical and biological qualities of Ogoni surface and ground water was comparatively evaluated. The parameters analyzed are temperature, sulphate, PH, Iron, B.O.D, total coliform, conductivity, Alkalinity and Dissolved Oxygen. The result of the tests revealed that the temperature of surface water has a mean value of 29.3oc and ground water 29.1oc, sulphate has mean value of 20.9mg/1 for surface water and 27.4 for ground water, PH for surface water is 6.36ml/1 ad 6.38mg/1 for ground water, total coliform for surface water 38 per 100ml and 18.6 for ground water, conductivity for surface water is 19.86mg/l and 18.8 for ground water, iron for surface is zero (0) while ground water is also zero (0), B.O.D for surface water is 2.13mg/1 for surface water and 3.185 for ground water. Alkalinity has a mean value of 73.3 for surface water and 48.6mg/I for ground water and dissolved oxygen (D.O) for surface water is 3.06mg/l and 5.3mg/1 for ground water. Comparatively evaluating the results of both the surface and ground water using t-test or t-distribution. There is no difference in the iron content of both surface and ground water also the results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 5
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY 6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE 6
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 7
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- 1 INTRODUCTION 34
3.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.3 ANALYSTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE
BIOLOGICAL HYDRO-CHEMICAL QUALITIES OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER 38
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 RESULTS 49
4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 50
4.3 DISCUSSIONS 70
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 1 CONCLUSION 74
5.2 RFCOMMENDATION 75
REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Water is a universal solvent. It is found in abundance under the earth in confined and unconfined aquifers and at the surface of the earth, as river, ocean and stream. Water is colorless, odorless and tasteless and it exist in solid state as ice, liquid state as water, gaseous state as vapour. Water is essential to all processes in life and every human being need to consume it in liquid and food on earth. Water is vital to life as Kofi Annan (2001) pointed out that “Fresh water is precious” it cannot be replace with any other substance and also no substitutes for it, it is sensitive, we cannot live without water.
Human activity has great impact on the quality of fresh water available, and care should be taken in order to avoid contamination. Many people in Nigeria and other developing countries rely upon untreated ground and surface water from dug wells, drilled boreholes and springs, ocean and river. It has been estimated that over 70% of the earth is made up of water and most of all global water is found on the continents and in the atmosphere and at least 1,500 million people depend directly on it for water need, (WATER 1996). Ground and surface water supplies are coming under increasing pollution and there is a possibility that urbanization may in certain circumstance contribute to contamination due to human activities.
Indiscriminate discharge of liquid effluent and solid wastes to the ground, toxic chemicals leached from some industrial sites and agricultural activities are some of the sources of pollution of earth’s water.
However, there are needs for determination of physical, chemical and bio1ogical constituents of water to control against outbreak of diseases. More than 1 .2 billion people still lack access to clean drinking water while 2.9 billion lack accesses to sanitation facilities, resulting in annual death rate of 5 million persons largely children, from water born disease. (Second War World Water Forum, Hague neither 1997).
More so ground water can also be contaminated by overflow of petroleum resources or spill oil and leakage of oil pipe. Ground water flow according to the gradient of the aquifer form the region of higher elevation and may finally end in the stream, river or ocean. Over 80% of water uses today come from surface. The presence of contaminants in ground water used for drinking causes serious threat to human health. (Edmunds and Smedely 1996). Polluted ground water is extremely difficult to purify because of its inaccessibility huge volume and slow flow rate. The cleaning up of an aquifer is usually by removal of contaminate soil and continuous pumping of the aquifer, unfortunately this is very difficult and costly and it takes great deal of time. In deed restoration of drinking water standard may be impossible.
The test carried out on the samples of water will enable us to determine the rate of bacterial contaminants in the water samples and the remedies for it. The economic importance of ground water can strongly be emphasized and desirable more than surface water because:
- It is free from pathogenic organism.
- The temperature is almost constant, its variation with season is minimal.
The streams and rivers are nearer to the village and the aquifer is sedimentary soils which is a good yielding one. The people are blessed with abundant surface and ground water sources. However because of the sedimentary deposit which is highly porous there may be connectivity between surface and ground water flow.
This may cause hydro chemical and biological quality alteration from time to time and sometimes render their qualities to be the same.
Hence, this study has been designed to compare and evaluate the hydro chemical and biological qualities of both the surface and ground water in Ogoni land.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Since the surface water is nearer to the community, there is the possibility that water from the surface may be entering into the ground water and vice versa. This may cause the hydro chemical and biological qualities of the ground and surface water to be the same.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
- To compare and evaluate the hydro-chemical and micro-biological qualities of Ogoni surface and ground water as a good drinking water.
- To ensure that, the water from the boreholes and stream meets the World Health Organization (W.H.O) and Federal Environment Protection Agency (F.E.P.A) standards for use of water for consumption.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The significance of this study includes the following:
- The results from the analysis has proven or shown that most surface and ground water in Ogoni land are contaminated and therefore needs urgent attention.
- This study has established ways and means by which certain water parameters can be tested and determined.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of the work is restricted to the study of Ogoni surface and ground water’s hydro-chemical and micro-biological qualities as drinking water.
The work involves:
Collection of water samples from selected boreholes and streams in Ogoni land.
Testing of the water samples collected.
Comparing the hydro-chemical and micro-biological date from the two water sources.
Establish the relationship between the hydro-chemical and micro-biological date from Ogoni surface and ground water.
Recommendation for possible solution to improve the standard of Ogon surface and ground water.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
During the execution of the project some difficulties were encountered and they include:
- Lack of finance
- Limited time for the research