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ABSTRACT
The study has examined antimicrobial properties of some common soap type. Antibacterial soaps are used to control odors emanating from the human auxiliary vault and from adjoining garments. The main objective of the study are to determine the antibacterial properties of some soap types. It was observed that differences exist among the different concentration 7.5% (10mm) 5% (8mm) 3% (7mm) and 1% (5mm) for Tura soap against 8, aurous, for the other medicated soap used in this study effective inhibition of the test isolate decrease in the order, Tura (12mm) TCP (0MM) Delta 5mm. the study observed and recommended that due to the observation of medicated soap, Tura soap is recommended as the best among all, the study also recommends that it is important that during the development of tropical products, a multidimensional approach be adopted. This will ensure the resultant product is designed for specific media of the market and those needs are met.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Antibacterial soaps are used to control odors emanating from the human auxiliary vault and from adjoining garments. Odor control is affected by the inhibitory action of the active soap additive on the growth of the odor producing bacteria. The development of effective medicated soaps requires an objective method for evaluation of their antibacterial performance and their odor control. The performance of medicated soaps is presenting investigated by either bacteriological methods or by a purely subjective method utilizing a panel expects judges (Arnold J.K 1969)
Soaps are an essential consumable item and there is a huge demand for it in the market particularly the antiseptic soap. Antiseptic soap sometimes called antibacterial soap or antifungal soap is regular soap in liquid or solid form that contains some kind of ingredients that reduce the chance of infection when applied to the skin. These products also have antimicrobial properties meaning they kill or inhibit growth of microbes like bacteria, virus or fungi. It cleanses and protects skin for a hygienic clean and healthy refreshing feeling every day. It contains skin moisturing agent. The active ingredients in antiseptic soap are isopropyl-alcohol, pine oil, chlorosxylenol. These ingredient make antiseptic disinfectants applied to skin in order to destroy bacteria and other micro-organism thereby preventing infections while a disinfectant is substances that kills it micro-organism and thus prevent infections it is usually applied to strong chemicals that are used to decontaminate inanimate objects such as items of medical equipment.
Soaps are water soluble or insoluble cleansing agents or detergents made form animal and vegetable fats, oil and greases; or chemically, the sodium or potassium salts of a fatty acid, formed by the saponification interaction of fats and oils with alkali. There are two types of water-soluble soaps: hard soaps, which are made from oil like the palm kernel oil that contain a high percentage of saturated acids and are saponified with sodium hydroxide known as lye and soft soaps, which are semi fluids soaps made by from oils like the cotton seed oil and they are usually saponified with potassium hydroxide (Ryer, 1969).
Based on formulation and functional chemical constituents, soaps could be categorized as toilet soaps, antiseptic soaps or medicated soaps. The antiseptic soaps are made to fight pathogenic microbes and other germs due to special chemical additive in them while the toilet ones are made for conventional cleansing purposes. Many of the chemical additives are believed to have undesirable effect on some user, therefore the search for natural additive which are regarded as safe for use. In modern times, the use of soap has became universal industrialized nations due to a better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population size of pathogenic micro-organisms (Woolath, F. 1985).
The significance of hand washing is more vital when it is allied to health care workers because of possible contagion of bacteria that can be pathogenic or opportunistic. Studies have revealed that liquid soaps contain antimicrobial active ingredients which take away more bacterial as compared to plain soap. For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals and other health care, it has been found that the greatest benefits from hand washing came from the first 20% of washing and very petite additional benefits were against when hand clean-up rate was increased beyond 35%. Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacteria infection diseases transmitted to food as compared to washes. Comparing hand washed with alcohol-based solution and washing with antibacterial for a median time of 30 seconds each one showed that the alcohol-based hand washes reduced bacteria contamination 26% more than the antibacterial. But liquid soap and water is the more effective than alcohol-based hand wash rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza a virus and clostridium difficult spore from hands. The results of a chemical trial with HIV patients found that liquid soaps decreased itching symptoms 100% and infections wound and abscess.
Modified detergents are added in their formulation that enhances their antibacterial activity. To all Pakistan branded liquid soaps like Dettol, Lux, Johnson, Litebuoye and safeguard have ability to remove 65% to 85% bacterial population, prevailing on human skin. Excellent hand germ free surface cleaning and disinfection can diminish the possibility of spreading diseases. (Ahmad et al, 2014).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
This study was carried out to estimate the effect of increasing concentration of medicated and toilet soap on microbial loads as well as determining the antibacterial susceptibility of micro-organisms. Most studies investigated antimicrobial effect of plants and their extracts but those on soap are limited. Therefore the need to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of some common soap types
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aims of the study are to determine the antimicrobial properties of some soap types. These objectives were achieved:
(a) Growth of organisms commonly associated with human skin.
(b) Determination of sensitivity of test organism to varying soap concentrations.
(c) Determination of sensitivity of test organism to varying soap types.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The present study will investigate the antimicrobial properties of some bacterial species such as, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research will unravel if medicated or toilet soap can be used in treating skin infections that can arise from micro-organisms.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Antimicrobial: Is the ability to either destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth.
Soap: a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having perfume and coloring added.
Antiseptic: Antiseptic are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.
Pathogens: a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
Microorganism: A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic living organism, which may be single-celled or multicellular.
Infection: Infection is the invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce
Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. Example: The chemical reaction between any fat and sodium hydroxide is a saponification reaction. triglyceride + sodium hydroxide (or potassium hydroxide) → glycerol + 3 soap molecules
Opportunistic Infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers.
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