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ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE BATTERY CHARGER
Abstract
The Adjustable Voltage Battery Charger is designed to charge all types of batteries ranging from 24V to 1V, the charger is designed with 240 volts primary input and secondary output of 24V to 1V, AC transformer, semi conductor, diode, transistors, switches, flexible wires, LED, fuses and LCD etc. The output signal was measured with a multimeter.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE:
APPROVAL PAGE ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DECLARATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 1
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 3
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT 3
CHAPTER TWO 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS 5
2.1 DEFINITIONS 5
2.1.1 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER 5
2.1.2 PIN DESCRIPTION 9
2.1.3 ALE/PROG 11
2.1.4 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS 13
2.1.5 IDLE MODE 13
2.1.6 LM317 14
2.1.7 ADC0804 ANALOGUE -TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER 16
2.1.8 LCD 24
2.1.9 TRANSFORMERS 26
2.1.10 RECTIFIERS 27
2.1.11 FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION 27
2.1.12 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER 28
2.1.13 FILTER 28
2.1.14 IC 7805 (VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC) 29
2.1.15 RESISTOR 30
2.1.16 CAPACITOR 31
2.1.17 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 33
2.1.18 SWITCH 34
2.1.19 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) 36
CHAPTER THREE 39
METHODOLOGY 39
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 39
3.2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE 40
3.2.1 POWER SUPPLY SECTION 40
3.2.2 DISPLAY SECTION 42
3.2.3 OUTPUT SECTION 43
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 44
3.4 COMPONENTS USED AND THEIR RATING 45
3.4.1 CAPACITORS 45
3.4.2 RESISTORS 45
3.4.3 DIODE 45
3.4.4 IC 45
3.4.5 LCD 45
3.4.6 LED 45
CHAPTER FOUR 46
TESTING RESULTS/PRESENTATION 46
5.1 TESTING 46
4.2 RESULT 46
4.3 CHARGING COMPLETENESS AND SPEED 47
4.4 CASING 50
4.5 TOOLS USED 50
4.6 PARTS LIST 51
CHAPTER FIVE 52
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 52
5.1 CONCLUSION 52
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 54
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………55
APPENDIX 56
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Voltage regulation describes the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. The term may refer to a passive property that results in more or less voltage drop under various load conditions, or to the active intervention with devices for the specific purpose of adjusting voltage.
Voltage regulation means a control system that outputs a predefined voltage at the end, like your laptop power adaptor or your 5V adaptor that you plug the power cable to charge your mobile.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Generally in science, remarkable evidence has proved that, in the course of trying to solve one problem is on the other hand causing another problem. For instance, the ever increasing or escalating amount of electricity consumption led to the generation of electricity in higher voltages up to about 132KV, but this bulk electricity so generated can not be supplied to the consumers at the high voltage. Indeed, the consumers too are quite far from the point of generation. This lead to the problem of transmission and distribution so that this high generated voltages can be transmitted and controlled at the consumers terminals since we are aware that power without control is a waste.
In this case, direct current (d.c) is used to supply power to smaller equipment for a short duration within a very short distance. Therefore, the ability to sustain these little voltage sources was a major problem to electrical engineers of old.
Note: Electricity or electrical energy can be stored for various uses after it has been generated, either to be used as a later time or at a remote area to power some of our daily used equipment, which could be done by the used of energy stored in batteries. The battery is a direct current (d.c) voltage source with internal chemical, stored energy is converted into electrical energy for use. This is made possible through the use of acids like Tetraoxo-sulphate (iv) [H2S04], hydrochloric (HCL) acid etc. distilled water (H20) and the cells.
When certain loads are connected to the terminals of the batteries under certain conditions, the batteries losses electrons to the atmosphere thus, resulting into battery discharge. In order words, the total drift of the energies deposited in the battery under this condition can not liberate energy efficiently as rated, hence the emergence of the battery charges.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to construct a demonstration how an adjustable LCD-based D.C. voltage regulated power supply is realized and works.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project is limited to the construction and demonstration of a variable D.C. power supply and the voltage range is from 0 to 26 volts that is used as battery charger.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
In recent times, adjustable regulated D.C. power supply unit have become very useful and popular to power D.C. equipment. When D.C. supplies of different values are required while accumulation of different values could be used, it is cheaper and more convenient to use a variable D.C. supply hence the important of variable D.C. power supply.
A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit; it converts unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. Its function is to supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power supply limits.
The type of stabilization used may be restricted to ensuring that the output remains within certain limits under various load conditions, or it may also include compensation for variations in its own supply source. The latter is much more common today.
Applications of the adjustable D.C. regulated power supply can be found in
D.C. variable bench supply (a bench power supply usually refers to a power supply capable of supplying a variety of output voltages useful for bench testing electronic circuits, possibly with continuous variation of the output voltage, or just some pre-set voltages; a laboratory (lab) power supply normally implies an accurate bench power supply, while a balanced or tracking power supply refers to twin supplies for use when a circuit requires both positive and negative supply rails).
Mobile Phone power adaptors
Regulated power supplies in appliances
Various amplifiers and oscillators
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