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Abstract
This work presents the development of a grid-based rural electrification design using Okoloma-Ndoki Community in OyigboLocal Government of Rivers State, South-South Nigeria as case studies. Grid-based and off-grid based methods are two commonly employed rural electrification technologies but in this work grid-based method was employed because of its simplicity, flexibility, sustainability and cost effectiveness. Load audits of Okoloma-Ndokiwere carried out to determine their energy demands. To cater for future expansion of both communities, a fifteen year load growth was calculated using the derived load growth equations. Design equations were used to determine ratings and quantities of substation components required for the electrification. The inter-township connection and township distribution network lengths for bothOkoloma-Ndoki were also determined. The energy demand of Okoloma-Ndokiwere respectively 0.91 MW and 0.61 MW and their estimated fifteen years load growth were 3.26 MW and 2.20 MW respectively. The average load demand of bothOkoloma-Ndokirespectively 1.31 MW and 0.88 MW using a load factor of 0.4. With the use of average load demand, the inter-township connection and township distribution network lengths of Okoloma (2.65 km and 3.72 km respectively) andNdoki(1.13 km and 2.44 km respectively), the required quantities of the major substation components required for implementation of developed electrical model designs were obtained.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 3
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROJRCT………………….……………………………………4
1.5 STATEMENT OF THIS PROJECT ………………………….………………………………5
1.6 CHALLENGIES IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATION …………………….………………….6
1.7 RECOMMENDATION / WAY FORWARD……………….…………………………..7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES 8
2.2 GRID-BASED TECHNOLOGY 8
2.3 OFFGRID-BASED TECHNOLOGY 9
2.4 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFORMER CAPACITY FOR EACH 9
2.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS 10
2.5.1 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER. 10
2.5.2 FEEDER PILLAR 10
2.5.3 CONDUCTORS AND CABLES. 11
2.5.4 POLE 12
2.5.5 DISC INSULATOR 13
2.5.6 SECTION POLE. 13
2.5.7 TERMINAL POLE 14
2.5.8 PIN INSULATOR AND SHACKLE INSULATORS. 15
2.5.9 CROSS ARMS. 15
2.5.10 GUY AND STAYS. 16
2.5.11 PROTECTIVE DEVICES 16
2.5.12 INSTALLATION OF CONDUCTOR 17
2.5.13 CHOICE OF OVERHEAD LINES 18
2.5.14 CHOICE OF CONDUCTORS 19
2.5.15 CHOICE OF POLE 20
2.5.16 FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
DESIGN. 21
2.5.17 CHOICE OF SYSTEM 22
2.5.18 CHOICE OF LOAD CENTRE 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 25
3.1 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 25
3.2 LOAD ESTIMATION. 26
3.2.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION. 26
3.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL MODEL DESIGN 26
3.2.3 DESIGN EQUATIONS 26
3.2.4 LOAD FORECASTING 30
3.2.5 METHOD OF LOAD FORECASTING 31
3.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBSTATION 31
3.4 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINE ACCESSORIES 32
3.5 OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTOR AND UNDER GROUND 32
3.5.0 HIGH TENSION BARE ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS 33
3.5.1 LOW TENSION BAR 33
3.5.2 ARMOURED UNDER GROUND CABLES 33
3.5.3 LOW TENSION U/G CABLE 33
3.5.4 PVC ALUMINUM SERVICE SINGLE CORE 34
3.6 WOODEN CROSSARM / CHANNEL IRON 34
3.7 INSULATORS 36
3.7.0 PIN TYPE INSULATORS:- 36
3.8 SAG AND GROUND CLEARANCE 37
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DISCUSSION ANDANALYSIS……………………………………………………………..39
4.1 BILLS OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION 40
4.2 MATERIAL USED FOR THE PROJECT AND COST 42
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….42.
5.1 FIELD WORK 44
5.2 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF OVERHEADS 45
5.2.1 GENERAL INSPECTION 45
5.2.2 TESTING 45
5.3 CONDUCTOR CONTINUITY TEST 46
5.4 EARTHING 46
5.5 POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE TIME OF ERECTION 47
5.6 COMMISSIONING OF LINES 48
5.7 CONCLUSION 49
REFERENCE 51
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Rural electrification is one of the key challenges facing rural communities in most developing countries of the world including Nigeria. However, since electricity is an essential component in the development of any community, there is the need to develop a means of increasing access to electrical energy services for rural communities in Nigeria if the set target of the Millennium Development Goals’ declarationis to be achievedas a whole. Rural communities in most developing countrieshave limited access to all forms of life enriching services such as good health care delivery, pipe borne water, good communication and road networks. Access to electrical energy is not an exception. For instance, in Nigeria electricity utility is far from within the reach of the majority of the rural dwellers whose population is about six-five per cent (65%) of the total populace. With demand for electrical energy far from matching its supply, the rural dwellers face major challenges of very inadequate and epileptic power supply made worse by poor quality of services.
Appropriate technology through which electricity can be optimally supplied to rural communities has been identified as one of the major solutions to address the problems of rural electrification. In some cases, grid extension may be feasible and cost effective particularly for dense and concentrated rural populations. In other situations where there are dispersed populations particularly remote locations, grid extension may be physically and economically inefficient. More so, in cases where grid electricity is available, supply is often epileptic and of poor quality. Where alternatives to the grid exist, such as solar home lighting systems available at subsidized rates, the technology itself is unsustainable unless accompanied by effective follow-up servicing and maintenance support.
Also, provision of electricity, particularly through off-grid renewable energy technologies, does little to significantly raise standard of living unless it also enables income generation. These challenges altogether are some of the issues that needed to be urgently resolved before effective rural electrification system can be put in place. In this work, our goal is to develop a grid-based rural electrification design using Okoloma – Ndoki, two rural communities in Rivers State, South South Nigeria as case studies. These two communities despite being located within a state regarded as first and most viable commercial centre in Nigeria with added advantage of having an existing functional grid (33 kV feeder) passing through them which could easily be extended, they still remained un-electrified.
1.1 Background of the Study
Rural electrification is a concept very difficult to be accorded a specific definition as it is used differently in different countries of the world, however, with the same convergent view point. As reported in Zomers, Munasinghe (1990) noted that most often the term rural electrification refers to connections to a central grid. Vogel (1993) reported that according to International Agencies such as the World Bank, the concept of rural electrification does not only refer strictly to rural areas as defined in the country statistics but may also include small to medium-sized towns which are service centres for the surrounding rural areas within a given region. Yaron et al. (1994) stated that rural electrification is the process of bringing electricity to rural communities. Mason (1990) reported that most of the rural electrification projects in the past referred to communities of between 500 and 2000 people. One of the consequences of the differences in interpretation of the concept of rural electrification is that comparison between rural electrification projects in different countries is extremely difficult if not impossible.However, the convergent point of all the views highlighted above is that rural electrification is the process of electrifying rural or remote community. In Nigeria, a rural community officially is defined as one with a population of less than 20,000 with an assumed average household of 10.
Rural electrification often impacts greatly on the rural lives. Apart from improving the living standards of the dwellers, it is a catalyst for the overall rural development. It assists in reducing rural-urban migration which in turn helps alleviates urban congestion and its associated social vices such as poverty and crime. It also helps to promote political stability and increase social virtues such as an improved health care delivery, creation of employment, up-liftment of the education system and the social cohesion and development in rural communities.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
An effective design ensures the supply of service under adequate technical conditions and at minimum cost. In order to develop an efficient grid-based rural electrification design for Okolomaand Ndoki communities, the following design procedures were considered in this work.
Survey and Analysis: This involves visitation to Okolomaand Ndokicommunities to observe the communities conditions, check their topographies, determine the quantity and characteristics of consumers.
Load Estimation: This involves the estimation of the consumers’ loads that is load audit of the two communities.
System Configuration: This involves the choice of the supply system (33 kV or 11 kV) to be employed for electrifying the two communities and its components such as route design, features of primary lines, and location of transformer substations.
Development of Electrical Model Design: This involves implementation of the design considerations to obtain the electrical design layout of both Okoloma and NdokiCommunities.
1.3 Scope of the Study
This project work is a typical Rural Electrification for Okoloma-Ndoki Community, in Oyigbo Local Government. The design of this Electrification project considers the use of 33kv as the main feeder voltage for the design and seek to explore the supply of power to rural area through the shortest possible means.
The basis of this electrification design involves to a large extent the planning of load survey, the estimation of total load demand for the rural community, the construction and protection. The various methods of evaluating load and demand, and the choice of the system of feeder line distribution system.
The line profile and choice of high tension poles, is used to protect design. The spacing of the poles, the choice of high tension line materials and accessories, various factors and parameters that leads to good design were taken into consideration.
1.4 Significance of this Project
Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to a rural and remote areas. Electricity is used not only for lighting and household purpose , but it also allows for mechanization of many farming operation , such as well-pumping , threshings ,milking,and hoisting grain for storage. Therefore due to the fast growing process of our economy and settlement rural electrification became very necessary and essential for the purpose of development .
1.5 Statement of the Project.
In today’s Context, Rural Electrification has the following facts:
- Setting up of Rural Electricity Infrastructure
- Providing connectivity to households.
- Adequate supply of desired quality of power.
- Supply of electricity at affordable rates.
Providing clean, environmentally benign and sustainable power in efficient way.
1.6 Challenges In Rural Electrification
Some of the problems faced caring out this project are as follows:
- High cost of grid extension and low recovery due to high subsidized tariff, low level of tariff collection resulting in negative return.
- Supply retiming due to non – availability of power
- High operation and maintenance costs
1.7 Recommendation/ Way Forward
- For faster, reliable and effective rural electrification a unified model for implementation is necessary. An integrated policy frame work would help in this regards.
- We also need regularly frame work to support mini-grid based rural electrification which can be sustainable in long term.
- Awareness, capacity building and creating quality consciousness among the player is also an essential part of the process, Rural electrification is complex and challenging however, an integrated approach of combining renewable with the conventional grid extension approach and proactive policies to resolve the integration and tarrif issues is one of the preffered ways to move ahead.
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