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ABSTRACT
The drinking water crisis in some part of Nigeria is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain the nature of global crisis. Hence, it is of extreme importance to preserve water. In home based water tank, the one problem is very common to us is the control of water level of an overhead tank, as a result the wastage of water is increasing day by day. But we all know that water is very precious to us. This problem can be controlled by a simple electronic circuit consists with some cheap electronic components, that circuit is called ‘Water Level Detector’. The operation of water level detector works upon the fact that water conducts electricity. So water can be used to open or close a circuit. As the water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send different signals. These signals are used to switch ON or switch OFF the motor pump as per our requirements (Dipanjan and Bijit 2016).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
CERTIFICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED WATER LEVEL DETECTOR ARE, 2
1.2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 3
1.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3
1.5. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS 4
CHAPTER TWO 5
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. WHAT IS A WATER LEVEL DETECTOR? 5
2.2. PIEZOELECTRIC BUZZER 6
2.3. POWER SUPPLY 7
2.4. TRANSFORMER 8
2.6. DIODE 9
2.6.1 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 10
2.7 CAPACITORS 10
2.8 RESISTOR 12
2.9 THEORY OF OPERATION 13
CHAPTER THREE 14
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 14
3.1 MATERIALS 14
3.2 METHODOLOGY 15
3.2.1. CONNECTING WIRE AND A PLUG 15
3.2.2. SINGLE LEAD WIRE 16
3.2.3. A CIRCUIT BOARD 16
3.2.4. NUTS AND BOLT 16
3.2.5. SOLDERING WAX AND LEAD 16
3.2.6. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD. 16
3.3 THEORY 17
3.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 21
3.5. WORKING PRINCIPLE 23
CHAPTER FOUR 24
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24
4.1 RESULT 24
4.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A WATER LEVEL DETECTOR 25
4.3 HOW THE CIRCUIT WORKS 25
4.4 TESTING AND PRESENTATION 26
4.5 COMPONENT TEST 27
4.6 TESTS FOR TRANSITORS 27
4.7 SYSTEM TESTING 28
4.8 OTHER TEST 28
4.9 PACKAGING 28
CHAPTER FIVE 30
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 30
5.1 SUMMARY 30
5.2 CONCLUSION 30
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 31
REFERENCES 32
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A Water Level Detector may be defined as a system by which we can get the information of any water reservoir. Water level Detector system is quite useful to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir, while filling such reservoir.
Water is most essential thing on earth. Safe drinking water is essential to human and other life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. (Kelvin, 2008).
The total amount of water available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, enough to cover the planet with a layer of about 3 km. About 95% of the Earth’s water is in the oceans, which is unfit for human consumption.
About 4% is locked in the polar ice caps, and the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found in rivers, streams and lakes which is suitable for our consumption. A study estimated that a person in Nigeria consumes an average of 135 liters per day.
This consumption would rise by 40% by the year 2025. This signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources.
However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be faced water based vulnerability. The presence of water level Detector in reservoir can help control wastage and water inadequacy in such reservoir. Water level Detector is used to show level of water in an over head tank, this keeps the user informed about the water level at all time avoids the situation of water running out when it is most needed. Detectors circuits have also alarm features. It does not only detect amount of water present in overhead tank but also gives an alarm when tank is full (Dipanjan and Bijit, 2016).
1.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED WATER LEVEL DETECTOR ARE,
Very less maintenance, very low cost, very simple construction and the circuit involved is also relatively simpler. It can be easily made at home
After assembling the system, what remains is to observe its operation and efficiency. This can be done by breaking down the activity of the controller from the detection of water to the working of the pump. We go over the responses obtained when water reaches the sensors and the logic employed be-hind it. We also try to justify how a system as simple as ours can compete with those available commercially.
1.2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to construct a water level detector showing its circuit as a means of preserving water.
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY INCLUDES:
The following objectives are likely to be focused and achieved at the end of the project.
- To make the most commercial and reliable water level using detector as less resources as possible.
- To study the detector model and observe its characteristics.
- To compare the detector with the conventional detectors available in market
1.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the project covers aspects like the features of a water level detector, its application, its operations, its advantages, its components and finally it covers the importance on the need of water level detector.
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this project work cannot be overemphasized. The drinking water crisis in Nigeria is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain the nature of global crisis. Hence, it is of extreme importance to preserve water with the aid of a water level detector.
1.5. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Some problems encountered at the course of this project are:
- High transportation expenses
- Time factor problem: congested academic activities posed a time factor problem. The project was embarked on immediately it was approved and registered.
- Interruption of power supply: soldering of components also suffered a setback because of intermittent power supply by PHCN.
- Lost of components: during soldering some components were lost due to the inexperienced soldering. However replacement was always done in the event of loss.