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ABSTRACT
This project work titled The Impact of public relation in crisis management is carried out to know the significant role public relation play to ensure the stability and normalcy of crisis that rocks a particular set or organization or even the society. The research was carried out in accordance to the proper identification of the subject matter. Crisis is a necessary evil, this was so because in the process to satisfy needs, people and organizations engaged posed a lot of problems to the society, the objective of this study was to investigate the cause of crisis and examine the roles of public relations in crisis management in Nigeria. This research used for both primary and secondary sourced of data collection and population of the study was 9,010 and sample size was chi-square test of independence when used to test the hypothesis as survey method was an idea for a good research like this. Included in the findings were that unemployment, land dispute, intolerance and lack of application of public relation strategies cause crisis among others like improper demarcation of land boundaries regular surveillance and tolerance among communities. This research recommends that the crisis should be carried out thorough public relations enlightenment programmes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION Error! Bookmark not defined.
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 3
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3
1.5 HYPOTHESIS 4
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY/DELIMITATIONS 5
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 5
CHAPTER TWO 8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8
2.1 SOURCES OF LITERATURE 8
2.2 HALLMARK OF CRISIS 8
2.2.1 DEFINITION OF CRISIS 9
2.2.2 TYPES OF CRISIS 11
2.2.3 CRISIS LIFE-CYCLE 12
2.2.4 CAUSES OF CRISIS 12
2.2.5 THE VARIOUS STAGES OF CRISIS LIFE CYCLE 13
2.2.6 ELEMENTS OF CRISIS 15
2.2.7 IMPORTANCE OF CRISIS 17
2.2.8 CRISIS MANAGEMENT 18
2.2.9 CRISIS UTILITY 19
2.2.10 CRISIS ANALYSIS 21
2.3 SOME METHODS OF CRISIS ANALYSIS 23
2.4 OPINION APPROACHES ANALYSIS 25
2.4.1 MEDIATION 26
2.4.2 ATTITUDES OF MEDIATORS 27
2.4.3 MEDIATION METHOD 27
2.4.4 NEGOTIATION 28
2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 29
2.6 STRUCTURAL CONFLICT THEORY 29
CHAPTER THREE 31
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 31
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY 31
3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 32
3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 32
3.5 VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT USED 32
3.6 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT 33
3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS 33
CHAPTER FOUR 34
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF DATA 34
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS 34
4.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 39
CHAPTER FIVE 40
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 40
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 40
5.2 CONCLUSION 41
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY 44
APPENDIX 1 45
APPENDIX 2——————————————————————–46
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Crisis emerged in the universe right from the beginning of man and has remained a re-occurring variable or decimal but not without effect.
Many interaction with the environment complied with the sophisticated present age, survival of the fittest has become a sine-qua-non. Thus, people get involved in many activities with the prime objective to satisfy their primary or basic needs (psychological and safety) and secondary needs (social, esteem and self fulfillment).
In the process to achieve these needs crisis always emerge either between employee and employers and the management of the organization.
On the other hand, organization and group strive to win bigger flame on the market so as to make profit, than rivals which will engage in crisis. Crisis is a necessary evil to us presently, hardly there is any day without news of crisis from our media whether religion, political or industrial crisis of a truth, crisis has been with us for centuries but in spite of current violent crisis in organization, government and communities potent great anger and threaten the growth and stability of the mentioned areas and society in general.
This situation requires appropriate measured and structured managing proper evil called crisis.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
From the above background, it’s obvious that crisis is a negative element that is highly unwelcomed. Crisis de-acceleration growth and instability in the policy, it brings about unhealthy competition, destruction of lives and properties as well as foreign and domestic investors will be skeptical that their huge investment would be safe, and insecure as well as lack of trust and confidence will prevail.
Thus, for the continuity of development the country to be guaranteed, the need for public relations role in management of crisis and not be stated emphasized.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this research is to investigate how to manage and possible to the frequency and channel crisis to a more productive activity to promote development in the society, specifically the research purpose includes;
- To trace the causes of crisis.
- To examine the previous methods that will be employed to crisis in the society.
iii. To examine the previous and why there have been unsuccessful management of crisis.
- To offer suggested situations on how to handle crisis.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research has marked out vital research questions which need to be answered as follows:
- Does a public relation strategy play a significant role in crisis management?
- Do land dispute caused crisis among communities?
iii. Do intolerance among ethnic or organization caused crisis among communities?
- Does crisis among ethnics in the country discourages foreign investors from investing?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
The following hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to validate or investigate the research problem.
- Government and multi-national companies’ inability to create employment opportunities does not cause crisis.
- Government and multi-national companies’ inability to create employment opportunities does cause crisis.
iii. Crisis does discourage investment in the country.
- Crisis does not discourage investment in the country.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will benefit many co-operate organization and government official to crisis management of few work have been done on the subject. Also, it will serve as a starting point for other researchers, who will also be beneficial to communities and public relations experts as more knowledge has been gained from the research.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY/DELIMITATION
The scope of this study covered the entire NLG organization and specifically discuss caused of crisis and activities of co-operate organization on crisis issues and the role of public relation crisis in management.
This researcher is faced with some obstacles in the course of gathering data for the work, among the barriers were that few works have been done on the subject matter, thus few interactive existed. Also, the unwillingness of some respondents and the organization official to provide information was another problem. Finally, the financial constraints made it very difficult for the researcher to reach a wider public at the time frame was too short.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMMUNICATION: James (1990) defined communication as the channels and visual aids against enemy or unfriendly interception for intelligence purpose.’ It is the medium through which relationships are established, extended and maintained.
CRISIS: Nwogu (1990), defined crisis as an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty any life can take on crisis proportion.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Black (1991 defined crises management as the organization deals unpredictable event harm the organization.
MANAGEMENT: Weitch (1994) opted management as the process of designing and maintaining environment in which individuals working together in groups, efficiently, accomplished selected aims through planning, organizing, staffing, teaching and controlling.
PUBLIC RELATION: Frank (1987) also defined public relation as the form of planned communication outward or inward between an organization and its public for the purpose of achieving specific objective concerning mutual understanding.
CRISIS: Problem and disagreement among the members of the community.
PUBLIC: Members of a particular society.
ROLE: This involves the responsibility played in crisis management.
GOVERNMENT: This involved a legally and constitutionally recognized set of agencies responsible in rolling a particular people.
ORGANIZATION: This has to do with the selected companies and establishment in a society.