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ABSTRACT
The aim of the research is to investigation the effects of poor infrastructural facilities on the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State. The objectives of the study was to determine the infrastructural facilities needed in Khana Local Government Area; to determine the effects of poor infrastructural facilities in the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area and the role played by infrastructural facilities in the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area. A total of 200 respondents were selected through random sampling. Questionnaire designed validated by experts with the reliability of coefficient of 0.88 were distributed to the respondent analyzed using simple percentage for research questions; and chi-square via (spss version 20) for hypothesis. The decision rule was set at 0.05 level of significance. However from the research it was observed that the null hypothesis was rejected at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed a significant relationship between infrastructural provision and economic growth and development, especially in the area of good road network, good drinking waters, industries, electricity, health centres, judiciary, market size, communication, education etc. The poor provision of these has grossly affected economic activities in the area and has resulted to poverty, diseases, unemployment, rural-urban migration etc. The researcher commends that; government should improve on all the infrastructural facilities in the area to enhance investment, high standard of living growth and development. There should be periodic assessment of the levels of infrastructures in the area to enhance economic activities. A monitoring mechanism be put in place to maintain and safeguard government/private infrastructure in Khan Local Government Area. The people should be sensitized and educated on maintenance culture and how to use the available infrastructures.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7
1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 8
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF WORK 8
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS 9
CHAPTER TWO 11
LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW 22
2.4 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 26
CHAPTER THREE 29
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
3.1 INTRODUCTION 29
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 29
3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLE 30
3.4 AREA OF STUDY 30
3.5 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 32
3.6 INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION 32
3.7 VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT 33
3.8 RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT 33
3.9 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 33
3.10 LIMITATION OF STUDY 34
CHAPTER FOUR 35
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 35
4.0 INTRODUCTION 35
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION/PERCENTAGE VALUE 35
4.2 TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 48
4.3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 51
CHAPTER FIVE 53
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 53
5.1 SUMMARY 53
5.2 CONCLUSION 55
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 56
REFERENCES 58
APPENDIX I 61
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Globally the presence of infrastructure measures a country’s greatness and level of development. Growth is positively affected by the stock of infrastructure assets of all the development that has taken place in Nigeria since political independence, perhaps none has been more striking and indeed more fascinating than that in the area of infrastructures process of Nigeria.
In the view, it beat observers imagination that decades after Nigeria self rule or political freedom from Britain, the government and its people still battle with twin problems of finding infrastructural development and imminent decay that set in soon after they are commissioned for use.
In most countries of the world especially the less developed countries, there exist varying degree of economic inequalities while the urban area benefit and indeed show the presence of political administration, infrastructural facilities, high rate of poverty, ignorance, diseases, huger arising from economic neglect rural urban migration. There is no gain saying that the rural areas have enough infrastructural facilities.
Infrastructures are basic essential, service that should be put in a place to enable development to occur. Socio-economic development can be facilitated and accelerated at all levels in Nigeria by the presence of social and economic infrastructures. The neglect of socio-economic development had led the country to heart acting poverty which has increased poverty rate.
According to Busari Ayansola (2012), if socio-economic infrastructures are not in place, development will be very difficult and infant can liken a very scarce commodity that can only be secured at a very high price and cost.
The development of rural areas entails adequate provision of infrastructure. Because higher productivity and competitiveness requires higher level of infrastructural provision, development is driven by infrastructural provision, for eradication of problems of poverty, frustration, ignorance, diseases, crimes and rural urban migration which dominates rural areas. Successive administrations have in one way or the other made some concerted effort towards infrastructural development in the rural areas to solve the domestic socio-economic problems which have reflected in the main objectives of the rural development in Nigeria.
It is clear that infrastructural development cannot be neglected in the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area. To prove the standard of living and it improve on their facilities.
Angaye (1995), states that development should be seen as improvement in the mental, physical, spiritual materials and more qualities of life, resulting from real income provision of food, shelter, education and reduction of poverty.
Base on the fact that infrastructure has developed a greater quantum in development of the nation, the research developed interest in ascertaining the effects of poor infrastructural facilities on the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Today, poor infrastructural facilities are identified as a problem. It is important to know that most of the poor people live in the rural areas including Khana Local Government Area which is characterized by lack or poor infrastructural facilities such as electricity and good road, portable drinking water, good communication system, health centres, leisure parks and so on. The absence of the facilities makes life miserable and unattractive in rural areas. There is massive rural-urban migration, mass death and increased diseases of kind because of non – provision of facilities and the consequences is low productivity and therefore hinders socio-economic development.
Due to lack of transportation and means of communication, sources of income like weaving of mat, fishing, carving and tools making, taping, poultry and small scale business which if pursued in the earnest could form the corner stone of mini-industries in the rural areas have suffered. The craft trades and farming are left in the hand of the old and weak who lacks the capacity skills and energy to turn them into the resource revenue earning.
Poor Health Centres, leisure parks has also increased mortality rate, depression, poor health, emotional imbalance which reduces life span.
Due to poor infrastructural, development have affected other sectors of Nigeria economics like political, medical, education and agricultural sector.
There are no enough infrastructural facilities in Khana Local Government Area, no more significant effort has been made by Government, voluntary agencies and concerned citizens to provide much needed infrastructure in most rural area in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study seeks to determine the effect of poor infrastructural facilities on socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area. In pursuant to this goal, the specific objectives of this study are to determine.
The role infrastructural facilities play on the socio-economic development.
The effort by the government in the provision of infrastructural facilities in Khana Local Government Area.
The effects of poor infrastructural facilities on the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of the research study cannot be overemphasized. Hence the study is carried out in other than the result of it will serve as reference point to the future researchers who can have access to it.
It will also avail accessible sociologist, rural planners Non Governmental organization, opportunity of appreciating the likely enormous contributions of rural area to the overall development of the society.
The study will enable us know the need (importance) of infrastructural facilities in the socio-economic life of our people especially Khana Local Government Area.
The study will also create awareness of the effects as a result of poor facilities in Khana Local Government Area.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study covered Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State and focus on the effect of poor infrastructural facilities on socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area.
It content, the work of limited to poor infrastructural facilities in the rural areas, particularly in Khana Local Government Area. It is a view of the consequences of non availability of infrastructural facilities in the Local Government Area that motivated the researcher to develop interest in this research topic.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
There are questions raised by the researcher expecting the answers to such questions which lead to the solution of the research study (Uwazie, 2008), based on the above view, this study raised the following research question to guide the study.
What are the infrastructural facilities needed for the socio-development of Khana Local Government Area?
What are the effects of poor infrastructural facilities of Khana Local Government Area?
What is the role of infrastructural facilities in socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area?
1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no significant relationship between infrastructural facilities and socio-economic development.
Hi: There is significant relationship between infrastructural facilities and socio-economic development.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF WORK
This research work will be arrange five chapters beginning with chapter one which is all above the introduction of the study, effects of poor infrastructural facilities on the socio-economic development of Khana Local Government Area.
Chapter two is the literature review in this chapter attempt will be made to review the related literature to the topic under study. Only related literature will be reviewed in addition theoretical and empirical frame work of the study would be discussed.
Chapter three deals on the methodology of the study, chapter four explained the data analysis technique, while chapter five discusses summary and conclusion.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Infrastructure: This is defined as the capital equipment used to produce publicity service including transportation and communication, gas, education, health facilities, market, tourism, water supply etc. These provide an essential background for other economic activities.
Development: Akpakan (1987) defined development as process of important in general welfare of the entire society due to changes as a result of reduction in the level of unemployment level of absolute poverty and personal regional inequality as well as rise in real income and the output of good services and development in literacy, health services housing and government services, improvement in the level of social and political consciousness of the people and reduction in pollution and or environmental degradation.
Socio-economic: This is defined as the social science that study how economic activity affects social processes. It analyzes how society progress stagnates or regresses because of their local and economy or the global economy.
Rural Areas: Is an area with little or no access to infrastructures such as portable water, bank, good road, market, electricity, industries, good communication system etc, it is the area where the large population resides and it is characterize by subsistence means of livelihood and poverty.
Local Government: Area communities and town organized to maintain laws and order which provide limited range of social services and encourage cooperation of inhabitant towards improving their living standard.