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Abstract
Electricity is universally recognized as necessary, although not a sufficient, requirement for social and economic development. However, increasing access to electricity in developing counties has proven to be difficult and expensive, particularly in rural areas Lueku development by means of a cost benefit analysis of a typical rural electrification project in Lueku community (Khana Local Government Rivers State), assessing the impact of electricity on households, education, agro-business, commerce and the public sector. We show that rural electrification can be commercially viable and cause structural transformation in rural areas within a short period of time. Finally, illustrated by the actual policy in Lueku is a key barrier to promote increased access to electricity for the poor.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i
Title page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
DECLARATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
Abstract…………….. vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 AIM OF PROJECT 2
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY 2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 2
1.4.1 BENEFITS FROM RURAL ELECTRIFICATION 3
1.5 LIMITATIONS 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 THE GROWTH OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION IN NIGERIA 4
2.2 MATERALS USED IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATIONS 12
2.2.1 SUBSTATION DESIGN 12
2.2.2 FACTORS GUIDING THE LOCATION OF SUBSTATION 13
2.3 DISTRIBUTION LINE ACCESSORIES AND MATERIALS 14
3.3.1 POLE 14
2.3.2 CHOICE OF POLE 14
2.3.3 CHOICE OF OVERHEAD LINES 16
2.3.4 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR OVERHEAD LINE CONSTRUCTION 17
2.3.5 CHOICE OF CONDUCTORS 18
2.3.6 LOADING CONDITIONS OF OVERHEAD LINE POLE STRUCTURES 19
2.4 WIND VELOCITY 19
2.5 LOADING CONDITIONS: 20
2.6 INSULATING MATERIALS 21
2.6.1 PROPERTIES OF GOOD INSULATION 21
2.7 TYPES OF INSULATORS 22
- PIN TYPE INSULATORS 23
- SHACKLE INSULATOR 23
2.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 23
2.8.1 CONNECTED LOAD 23
2.8.2 MAXIMUM DEMAND 24
2.8.3 DEMAND FACTOR 24
2.8.4 AVERAGE LOAD 25
2.8.5 LOAD FACTOR 25
2.8.6 PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR 25
2.8.7 PLANT USE FACTOR 26
2.8.8 DIVERSITY FACTOR 26
2.9 LOAD 26
2.9.1 DOMESTIC LOAD 27
2.9.2 COMMERCIAL LOAD 27
2.9.3 INDUSTRIAL LOAD 27
2.9.4 MUNICIPAL LOAD 27
2.9.5 IRRIGATION LOAD 28
2.9.6 TRACTION LOAD 28
CHAPTER THREE 29
MATERIALS AND METHODS 29
3.1 COMPOSITION OF LUEKU COMMUNITY 29
3.2 THE MAP OF LUEKU COMMUNITY 29
3.3 LOAD ESTIMATION OF LUEKU COMMUNITY 29
3.3 OPTIONS OF SUPPLY ELECTRICITY IN RURAL AREAS 38
3.3.1 LOAD FORECASTING 39
3.3.2 LOAD SURVEY OF RURAL AREA 40
3.4 CURRENT INSTALLATIONS 43
3.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBSTATION COMPONENTS 44
3.5.1 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER 45
3.5.2 CHOOSING kVA RATING FOR THE LOAD 45
3.5.3 FEEDER PILLAR 45
3.5.4 CONDUCTORS AND CABLES 45
3.5.5 POLE 46
3.5.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF LINE AND POWER TRANSFER; 46
3.5.7 AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE AND SUFFICIENT LOAD; 47
3.6 MOUNTING OF TRANSFORMERS 49
3.6.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES OF CONDUCTOR 49
3.7 CHOICE OF MATERIALS FOR TRANSFORMERS 50
3.7.1 DETERMINATION OF CABLE FOR L.T AND H.T SIDES OF THE TRANSFORMER 50
3.7.2 DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE DROP ALONG THE LINE 51
3.8 PIN TYPE INSULATOR 52
3.9 SUBSTATION PROTECTION 52
3.10 SURGE DIVERTER 54
3.11 EARTHING 54
CHAPTER FOUR 55
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 55
4.1 RESULTS 55
4.1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 57
4.2 DISCUSSION 58
4.3 ELECTRICITY AND GROWTH 59
4.4 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION ON LINES 63
4.4.1 GENERAL INSPECTION 63
4.4.2 TESTING 63
4.4.3 FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATION DESIGN 64
- 5 CHOICE OF SYSTEM 65
4.6 CHOICE OF LOAD CENTRE 65
4.7 TYPES OF SUPPLY 65
4.8 LOAD DETERMINATION 66
4.9 LOAD FORECASTING 67
4.10 METHOD OF LOAD FORECASTING 67
CHAPTER FIVE 69
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 69
5.1 CONCLUSION 69
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 70
REFERENCE 71
APPENDIX ONE 72
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Rural electrification is the supply of the rural areas, which is remote from the big cities. The rural areas is usually characterized by long distance village, setups and low power consumption demands which makes the financial investment in such rural electrification to be highly non-profitable with this attendance factor in mind, a suitable rural electrification design in terms of voltage level can only be achieved by understanding the total distance of the rural area to be electrified. Usually in practice, the two-feeder voltage levels normal employed in rural electrification are 11KV feeder voltage and 33KV feeder line. The rural electrification project usually considers the supply of electricity to a rural are through the shortest possible route and at affordable cost, most designs employ a rural system obtaining its supply from a nearby high voltage line. Using a distribution transformer and stepping the voltage from say 132kv to 33kv TO 11kv.
1.2 AIM OF PROJECT
The aim of this project is to contribute to economic and social development in Lueku through rural electrification. This will help in the development/higher growth of the community and reduce poverty. Also there will be increased agricultural production, processing and marketing facilities, there will be room from new industries and social amenities such as: hotels, cold stress etc.
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
Carrying out the local survey for a typical rural community, visits has to be made to the towns which are beneficial from the electricity project, and on the spot assessment has to be made; we assume that Korokoro, Nyogor, Agbani, Wiikue, Baa, Kpaa, and Tem are in Lueku community.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The provision of electricity in rural areas such as Lueku is widely believed to be a stimulus to increased agricultural productivity and output through irrigation and mechanization. to the growth of industries in the community and also to raise good living standards of rural people. Also, the benefits of rural electrification on Lueku community on social services delivery cannot be understated; immense contribution in the following sectors.
- Health delivery system
- I.C.T and communication it’s on economic development such as good irrigation, small to medium enterprise development.
1.4.1 BENEFITS FROM RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Before examining benefits from rural electrification in detail, it is useful to get an overall impression of how electricity consumption is. For example, 90 percent of connected rural households in a surveyed area of the Lueku community where rural electrification is considered highly successful used less than 35 kilowatt-hours of electricity a month, about enough to use two 100-watt light bulbs for four hours a day.
Second, the weight of different sectors in total rural area electricity consumption varies enormously. 60 percent in residential-commercial share being quite high–about 25 to the surveyed areas of most communities and consume most of the total in some rural areas.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
While carrying out this project, we encounter the few challenges. Locating the community was quite a task and also getting the map of the community. Due to the low mentality of some of the youth in terms of cultism, we were a bit tensed and less free to move around to get more materials / information’s.
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