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Abstract
The examined entrepreneurship education and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State. The survey research was adopted; The study was focused on the marketing and Business Administration department of Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Rivers State. The population of the study is 200. The Taro Yemens formula was used to determine the sample size of 160. Data obtained for analyses was through self-administered questionnaires. In addition, simple percentage ranking, Chi-Squares analytical techniques were used to analyse the questionnaires. The result obtained indicates that entrepreneurship education is a good policy and it has positive impact on economic development. This study recommends that students should be encouraged beyond entrepreneurship school t-raining projects to business ventures start-ups at micro and small-levels. Also, the management of tertiary institutions should collaborate with existing entrepreneurs and business organizations in providing entrepreneurship training to the students. Lastly, the management tertiary institutions, the government and other stakeholders can give special recognition, awards and sponsorship assistance as motivation to students whose projects are realistically outstanding. This will stimulate economic development drives among graduates.
Table of Contents
Cover Page i
Cover page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgements vi
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the problems 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Research Hypotheses 5
1.6 Significance of the Study 6
1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 6
1.8 Limitation of the Study 7
1.9 Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER 2 9
LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Conceptual Framework 9
Fig 2.1: A Conceptual framework showing the relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Economic development. 9
2.1.1 Concept of Entrepreneurship Education 9
2.1.2 Dimensions of Entrepreneurship Education 18
2.1.3 Concept of Economic Development 20
2.1.4 Measures of Economic development 21
2.1.5 Challenges of Entrepreneurial Education in Nigeria 22
2.1.6 Prospects of Entrepreneurial Education in Nigeria 24
2.1.7 Entrepreneurship Education and Economic Development 25
2.2 Theoretical Framework 26
2.2.1 Human Capital Theory (HCT) 27
2.2.2 Need for Achievement Theory (NAT) 27
2.2.3 Risk Taking Theory (RTT) 28
2.2.4 The Schumpeter Effect (TSE) 28
2.3 Empirical Reviews 29
CHAPTER 3 32
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
3.1 Research Design: 32
3.2 Population of the Study: 32
3.4 Sampling Techniques Used 32
3.5 Sample Size Determination 33
3.6 Source of Data 33
3.6.1 Primary Source (s) of Data 34
3.6.2 Secondary Source of Data 34
3.7 Research Instrument for Data Collection 34
3.8 Validity and Reliability of Instrument 34
3.9 Techniques for Data Analysis 35
CHAPTER 4 36
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 36
4.1 Data Collection and Presentation 36
Table 4.1: Questionnaire Administration and Retrieval 36
4.2 Data Analysis 37
Table 4.2: showing the age of respondents 37
Table 4.3: Showing the Gender/Sex of Respondents 37
Table 4.4: Showing the Level of the Respondents 38
Table 4.6: Creative training and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State 38
Table 4.7: Workshop and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State 39
Table 4.8: Coaching and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State 39
4.3 Hypotheses Testing 40
4.3 Discussion of Findings 43
CHAPTER 5 45
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 45
5.1 Summary 45
5.2 Conclusion 45
5.3 Recommendations 46
References 48
Appendix I 52
APPENDIX II 53
List of Tables
Table 4.1: Questionnaire Administration and Retrieval Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.2: showing the age of respondents Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.3: Showing the Gender/Sex of Respondents Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.4: Showing the Level of the Respondents Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.6: Creative training and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.7: Workshop and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.8: Entrepreneurship education and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Figures
Fig 2.1: A Conceptual framework showing the relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Economic development. 9
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Economic Development is the creation of wealth from which community benefits are realized. It is more than a jobs program; it’s an investment in growing your economy and enhancing the prosperity and quality of life for all residents. Economic development means different things to different people. In the economic study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives. Entrepreneurship education recognized as one of the vital determinants that could influence students’ career decisions (Kolvereid and Moen, 1997; Peterman and Kennedy, 2003). The inability of graduates to contribute meaningfully to economic development through economic development informed the introduction of entrepreneurship education in schools.
Economic development is a broader concept than economic growth. Development reflects social and economic progress and requires economic growth. Growth is a vital and necessary condition for development, but it is not a sufficient condition as it cannot guarantee development (Grasjo and Arvemo, 2011). Economic growth is defined as the percentage output increase in an economy, e.g. a nation, a region or a municipality. The economic growth is closely related to the industrial structure, health, demography and income distribution of the economy. The most used measure for national economic growth is the change in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP measures the value added of all goods and services produced in the economy. The production of goods and services generates primary incomes for households and another method of measuring GDP is therefore to add up all incomes. One part of this income consists of the sum of all wages paid to households. When regional growth studies are conducted, a common measure of economic growth is the wage sum. One reason for this may be the limited access to GDP data on regional level (Grasjo and Arvemo, 2011). Entrepreneurship education is one construct that can enhance economic development.
Scholars in their various views have also supported the need for higher institutions to inculcate entrepreneurial spirits into their products. For instance, Nwangwu (2007) in his view supported entrepreneurial education and also argued that graduates with adequate creative training and training will be creative and innovative in identifying noble business opportunities. Fayolle (2004) and Bhandari (2006) observed that more institutions have adopted a wide range of entrepreneurship programmes and training activities which appears to be influencing students in terms of generating entrepreneurial interest and going into the business of the choices. Soutaris, Zerbinati and Al-Lahan (2006) revealed that entrepreneurial programmes raise attitudes and behaviour capable of provoking entrepreneurial intentions among youths who have interest in the economic development of their nation.
The structural adjustment programme (SAP) introduced in the early 1986 by the then military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida had actually brought to the open, the problem inherent in the Nigerian economy. Unfortunately the impression Nigerians had was that money was not the problem but “how to spend it”. Since then and with the laying off of workers and the retirement of many unemployment has been rising phenomenally to the extent that government itself may not actually know the correct figure of the unemployed or the rate of unemployment today.
The problem of unemployment has been further worsened by various factors which are peculiar to Nigerian situation. These include poor planning, political instability-long period of military rule and mono-economy (heavy dependence on oil with its price fluctuations in the world market).
The inability of government at various levels to tackle the problem of employment has made these governments to popularize the saying that “government cannot provide jobs for everybody and that people should learn to be self-employed. Before now many people had, especially the educated and always depended on government for employment after graduation from school. Many who constituted the ruling class today especially in Nigeria started their careers from government employment (Olagunju, 2004).
Since the early 1980s many graduates are carrying on well since they have established their businesses. These businesses include: poultry farming, commercial transportation, distributive trade, industrial cleaning, estate agency, laundry and dry cleaning, protective agency, etc. these enterprises are established and managed by individuals who desire to be economically independent and also want to contribute their quota to the development of the nation. Today everyone has imbibed the spirit and enterprises are spreading all over the place, cities, towns and villages across the country.
In order to make Nigerian graduates more resourceful and self-reliant, the Federal Ministry of education introduced entrepreneurship education into the curricula of the universities, polytechnics and colleges of education through their regulatory and supervisory agencies – National Universities commission (NUC), National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE). This became expedient in order to offer a realistic approach to solving the endemic problem of unemployment facing the nation. Thus, entrepreneurship development has since been made a compulsory course for all students in the three levels of tertiary education irrespective of students’ areas of specialization (Yahya, 2011).
1.2 Statement of the problems
The rate of unemployment among Nigerian graduates is a threat to the nation’s economy as tertiary institutions produces graduates yearly without commensurate job opportunities. Ekpo, (2010) succinctly stated that a study carried out by the Federal Ministry of Education from 2005-2010 showed that seventy one percent (71%) of graduate students from Nigerian Universities and other forms of tertiary institutions are yet to get job. Similarly, Nwachukwu, (2012) reported that Economic Survey in 2011 showed that unemployment rate in Nigeria is at 23.9%. In other words, over 38 million Nigerians are unemployed. It is disturbing to acworkshop that a greater number of this percentage are graduates from Nigeria universities, colleges of education and polytechnics who roam the street and in the job markets looking for non existing jobs for lack of entrepreneurial creative training. Lack of entrepreneurial creative training is no doubt a major contributing factor to the problem of unemployment of graduates in Nigeria (Adebisi & Oni, 2012). The incidence of graduate unemployment is attributed to the educational system operated during pre and post independence era in the country which placed emphasis on liberal education rather than acquisition of vocational creative training which prepares school leavers and graduates with vocational creative training for better employment opportunities. Again, in spite of federal government efforts to create 2 million jobs every year, most Nigerian university graduates fail to get employed (Babalola, 2007). This is evident as many graduates stay 3-4 or more years after graduation before getting a job or no job at all. Based on these pathetic situations, it interests the researcher to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State to bridge the gap.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State. Specifically, other objectives are as follows;
1. To examine the extent to which creative training relates with economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State.
2. To examine the extent to which workshop associate with economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State.
3. To examine the extent to which coaching relates with economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State.
1.4 Research Questions
1. To what extent does creative training relates with economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State?
2. To what extent does workshop associate with economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State?
3. To what extent does coaching associate with economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses are formulated to guide the study.
H0: There is no significant relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State.
HA: There is a significant relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic development of Khana Local Government Area in Rivers State.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be of benefit to university lecturers, students, government and the university management. The study will show to them the causes, the effects of economic development and the need for entrepreneurship education in solving the problem of youth unemployment in Rivers State and Nigeria at large.
To university lecturers, the study will unveil to them the areas to concentrate in the school syllabus in order to develop entrepreneurial minds of students for creative employment and also help the show the need for introducing entrepreneurship education into the school curriculum in Nigeria.
To the parents, the study of their children during child birth and training cannot be determined towards the course of study in higher institution. Lastly, the findings from the study will show to the government the role of entrepreneurship education in solving the problem of unemployment in Nigeria.
1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study is delimited under the following heading: content scope, geographical scope and unit of analysis.
Content Scope: The content scope of this study involves an investigation to ascertain the relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic development in Rivers State. The dependent variable is economic development measured by employment creation, human development and infrastructural development. While independent variable is entrepreneurship education measured by creative training, workshop and coaching.
Geographical Scope: This study is delimited in Port Harcourt Metropolis with reference to some selected markets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
Unit of Analysis: The unit of analysis in this research involves the respondents at the time of the study. Hence it is a macro level study.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
In course of carrying out this research, the researcher met with a lot of constraints. Among these constraints is: The time frame which this research was expected to be completed which was too short.
Secondly, the cost in carrying out this research work act as a barrier as we were not financially buoyant to carry out all investigation.
Finally, assembling the relevant materials needed this work was a problem. It is difficult due to the fact that some of the respondents were not willing to give us the required coorperation.
1.9 Definition of Terms
For the better understanding of this research work, some of the terms and concepts used need further explanation. These includes
Economic development: A self-employed individual does not work for a specific employer who pays them a consistent salary or wage. Self-employed individuals, or independent contractors, earn income by contracting with a trade or business directly.
Employment: It is an agreement between an employer and an employee that the employee will provide certain services on the job.
Entrepreneurship Education: Entrepreneurship Education seeks to provide students with the workshop, creative training and motivation to encourage entrepreneurship education focuses on realization of opportunity, where management education is focused on the best way to operate existing hierarchies. Both approaches share an interest in achieving “profit” in some form and variations of entrepreneurship education are offered at all levels of schooling from primary or secondary schools through graduate university programs.
Perception: Perception is the act or facility of perceiving or apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind, perception is the organization identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of sense organs.
Unemployment: Unemployment occurs when people are without work and actively seeking for work. It is a situation where someone of working age is not able to get a job but would like to be in full time employment. Unemployment is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a parentage by dividing the number of unemployed individual by all individuals currently in the labour force.