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ABSTRACT
Generation of electricity from organic waste through the metabolism of constituent microorganisms in the MFCs is a unique bio-electro-chemical transducer that converts wastes to wealth. Tomatoes in a common vegetable fruits that forms a decent percentage of the staple meal in most home in Nigeria and Africa. On a daily basis, there are spoilage and wastage of tomatoes products on farms, during transportations, at the markets and stores and even in the household. the litters and heaps of this undesirable organic waste which if not evacuated from the disposal dump site, quickly begins to decay and gives off offensive odor and gases which can be harmful to our health’s. This study has been carried out using waste tomatoes as a case study. Various weights of 5kg, 10kg, 15kg and 20kg of the waste tomatoes were used. Results shows that the 20gk substrate produced the highest voltage and current of 4.6v and 4.2 μA on the initial day, while 5kg produced the lowest voltage and current of 1.8v and 1.6μA on the initial day. The PH, DO and BOD of 15kg and 20kg decreased at the end of 7days, while the BOD of 5kg and 10kg increased at the end of 7days. The PH and DO of 5kg and PH of 10kg decreased at the end of 7days while the DO of 10kg increased at the end of 7days. The COD of 15kg and 20kg decreased at the end of 5days while the COD of 5kg and 10kg increased at the end of 5days. The conductivity for each weight increased at the end of 7days. The highest electricity generated was capable of powering any electricity appliance that is not above 4.6volts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCES OF THE STUDY 6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
CHAPTER THREE 16
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 16
3.1 MATERIALS 16
3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF MFC 16
3.3 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE MATERIALS 17
3.4 METHOD 17
3.5 PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; 18
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21
4.1 RESULTS 21
4.2 DISCUSSION 23
CHAPTER FIVE 28
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 28
5.1 CONCLUSION: 28
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 29
REFERENCES 30
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Electricity is one of the greatest Technological innovations of mankind which is now an important part of our daily lives both at home, industries and medical facilities.
Electricity generation is the process of producing electricity by transforming other forms or sources of energy into electrical energy.
Microbial fuel cells has been discovered and utilized in laboratory scale for electricity generation based on microbial degradation of organic compounds (Logan, 2006). Microbial fuel cells are unique bioelectrochemical transducers that convert wet organic waste directly into electricity through the metabolism of constituent micro-organisms (Leropoulos et al., 2012).
The general principles of MFCs are that the electron donor is oxidized in the anodic compartment, often by micro-organisms attached as a biofilm to the anodic surface and in the absences of competing electron acceptors; they pass their electrons to the anode. Meanwhile, electrons donated to the anode are chemically or biologically reduced at the cathode (Venkateswavan et al., 1999).
Research into MFCs has intensified in the past decade, and they have been extensively tested for treatment of organic carbon containing waste waters at neutral PH to simultaneously generate a current and remove the waste products (He et al., 2015).
A typical MFCs for producing electricity consists of anodic and cathodic chambers which are separated by a proton exchange membrane [PEM] (Logan; 2006). However, various sources of fuel has been used recently complex biomass such as lignocellulose biomass been focused on.oil palm tree Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) has also been used for power generation using dual chamber MFC (Ghazali et al., 2016). Different kinds of substrates have been used so far in the MFCs bioelectricity production which includes:- foods, agriculture and domestic waste water.
Electricity can be generated in different types of power plants systems, batteries or fuel cells (Higgins and hill; 1985). In MFCs, two redox couples are required, one for coupling reduction of an electron mediator to bacterial oxidation metabolism and the other for coupling oxidation of the electron mediator to the reduction of the electron acceptor on the cathode surface (where the electron acceptor is regenerated with atmospheric oxygen) (Arde Leame, et al; 198, Dealney et al; 1984).
The amount of free energy produced either by normal microbial metabolism or by microbial fuel cells systems is determined mainly by the potential difference [ E] between the electron donor and the acceptor according to the following equation:- G = nF E, Where G is the variation in free energy, n is the number of electron moles and F is the Faraday (Dealney et al., 1984). Different organic compounds such as starch, cellulose, simple carbohydrates, organic acids chintins, toxic waste chemicals, proteins/amino acids have been reported as oxidizable substrates to power MFCs (Yang et al., 2013) (Hao et al., 2016); Sewage Sludge (Partash et al., 2015),municipal, paper mills and food industries wastewaters as well as meal contaminated wastewaters such as swine wastewater, brewery/distillery waste and marine sediments have been successfully used in laboratory MFC devices for bioelectricity generation (Wang et al., 2014).
Tomatoes are common vegetable fruits that form a decent percentage of the staple meal in most home in Nigeria and Africa.
Tomatoes contains a variety of redox- active species such as carotenoid, malvin, karypferol, myricetin, naringenin, petunidin, quercetin and riboflavin which qualifies as redox-active mediators in Microbial electrochemical systems because they are characterized by fast redox-equilibration, they are fully reversible reactions (oxidized and reduced form of mediators do not yield irreversible reactions), they experimentally establishes standard redox potentials, and they also defines Stoichiometry with respect to the number of electrons and protons during Faradic processes. These mediator catelyzes extracelluar electrons transfer to solid electrode in microbial electrochemical systems (Su et al., 2016). Quercetin in tomatoes exhibits electrochemical activities in aqueous electrolytes under ph range of 4.3-11.2 (Sokolova et al., 2012 ). Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) support an array of engineering applications including biosensors, electrolysis and stravite production.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The world today is looking for alternative electricity supply to compensate for higher demands of electricity. This is due to the increase in use of electricity. Thus, the drive for new recoveries on renewable energy if high and is also a necessity for future generation (World Watch institute, 2013).
One hundred million Nigerians representing 60% of the country’s population have no access to grid electricity. Those who do have access experiences extremely unreliable power supply. Also efforts are underway to accelerate the transition to an adequate electricity generation capacity that can meet the current and future demands of Nigerian citizens and their businesses (Henrich boll stiftung Nig. 2017).
Nigeria produces about 1.8milion metric tonnes of tomatoes annually; But Nigerians loses about 65% of its tomatoes production to wastage and spoilage on farms, during transportations, at the markets and store and even in the house holds (Nigeria Tomatoes industry; 2019). One of the most focused in recent years for the generation of electricity is MFCs due to its sustainability and environmental friendly despite being involved using organic waste (Franks and Nevins; 2010).
Thus, this research is carried about to generate electricity from waste tomatoes which will serve as alternative source of renewable electricity to compensate the low energy supply.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to generate electricity from waste tomatoes which will serve as alternative sources of electricity using MFCs. Other objectives includes to determine the production of the voltage, current, PH values, conductivity, dissolve oxygen DO, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD).
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Electricity is one of the greatest technological innovations of mankind which is now an important part of our daily lives. Presently, the primary source of energy for the production of electricity in Nigeria for the past 45years has been coal, fossil fuel, water and gas. Therefore, the types of power plants functioning in Nigeria are the hydroelectric and the thermal fossil fuel power plants (Nigeria Power African Fact Sheet., March 2019). The productions of these plants are obviously insufficient for the people.
This present study employs the techniques of electricity generation from waste tomatoes using MFCs. It will also give information on the renewable energy production that will advance the knowledge of electricity generation from different source and reduces the high rate of darkness and expenses in the country and Africa as a whole.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The heaps of undesirable organic waste (such as tomatoes) which if not evacuated from the disposal dump site, quickly begins to decay and gives off offensive odor and gases. The scope of this study is to generate electricity fro MFCs of these waste tomatoes
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