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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of detergent treated shampoo on microbial population of garden soil. The garden soil sample was collected from Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic botanical garden Bori. Microbial analysis was carried out, lacto-phenol cotton blue technique was used to identify the fungi that were isolated from pure culture. From the analysis, the isolated fungi species that were attributed to the soil sample with detergent and shampoo were Penicillium sp, Aspergillus sp, Fusarium sp, Mucor sp and Rhizopus sp. The result showed that the application of shampoo and detergent increases the microbial population in garden soil. Based on the findings it is therefore recommended that the detergent treated shampoo should not be disposed indiscriminately into the environment because of it effect on microbial population.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDMENT vi
ABSTRACT viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 6
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 7
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY 7
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 7
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 8
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 8
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS 8
CHAPTER TWO 10
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 GARDEN SOIL MICROBIAL POPULATION 10
2.2 GARDEN SOILS AS A MICROBIAL HABITAT 12
2.3 GARDEN SOIL MICROBIAL DIVERSITY 16
2.4 TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE BACTERIAL POPULATION IN THE GARDEN SOIL 18
2.5 PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE AND TILLING EFFECTS AFFECTING BACTERIAL POPULATION IN GARDEN SOIL………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
2.6 SOIL MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND ELEVATED CO2 EFFECTS ON BACTERIA DOMINANCE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
2.7 FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATION OF BACTERIA DOMINANCE IN GARDEN SOIL 27
2.8 DESCRIPTION OF TREATED SHAMPOO 28
2.8.1 EFFECT OF SHAMPOO ON GARDEN SOIL MICROBES 32
CHAPTER THREE 33
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 33
3.1 MATERIALS 33
3.2STERILIZATION OF GLASS WARES 33
3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION 33
3.4 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 34
3.5 IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI ISOLATE BY LACTOPHENOL COTTON BLUE METHOD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
CHAPTER FOUR 37
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 37
4.1 RESULT 37
4.2 DISCUSSION 44
CHAPTER FIVE 46
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION 46
5.1 CONCLUSION 46
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 46
REFERENCES 47
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Shampoo preparations are personal care products. The bulk ingredient in these formulations is water, typically making about 70 – 80% of the entire formula. The second major constituent is the primary surfactant, followed by the foam boaster. Other ingredients such as thickeners, conditioning agents, modifiers and special additives are incorporated to provide the product with additional required properties (Hősselet al., 2000).
However, the sterility of shampoos is not necessary; they must not be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and they should not harbor microbial contaminants in high numbers (Ravitaet al., 2009). It has long been demonstrated (Olson, 1967) that proliferation of Pseudomonas species in a shampoo preparation based on sodium lauryl sulphate as a surfactant resulted in product separation and discoloration. The rate of microbial contamination in shampoo brands marketed in a developing country was found to be 43% (Abdelazizet al., 1989).
These authors found that bacterial count in the investigated products was low and pathogens were absent. Of special concern to cosmetic industries is the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosain their products. This bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen with spoilage potentials and was the most common microorganism.
Organisms in garden soil live in their own environment which, undergo much biological manifestations (Aerts,1997).
Nature of the soil and different kinds of flora substantially influence each other.
A fungus is any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The Fungi are classified as a kingdom that is separate from plants and animals. The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology, which is often regarded as a branch of botany, even though genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. Fungi reproduce via spores, which are often produced on specialized structures or in fruiting bodies, such as the head of a mushroom. Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous to the naked eye because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil, on dead matter, and as symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange. They have long been used as a direct source of food, such as mushrooms and truffles, as a leavening agent for bread, and in fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. Fungi are also used as biological agents to control weeds and pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides that are toxic to animals including humans. The fruiting structures of a few species are consumed recreationally or in traditional ceremonies as a source of psychotropic compounds. Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies. Despite their importance on human affairs, little is known of the true biodiversity of Kingdom Fungi, which has been estimated at around 1.5 million species, with about 5% of these having been formally classified. Nature of the soil affects the soil organisms individually as well as their entirety.
Bacteria and Archaea are the smallest organisms in soil apart from viruses. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic. All of the other microorganisms are eukaryotic, which means they have a more advanced cell structure with internal organelles and the ability to reproduce sexually. A prokaryote has a very simple cell structure with no internal organelles. Bacteria and archaea are the most abundant microorganisms in the soil, and serve many important purposes, including nitrogen fixation. The dominant approach to understanding soil microbial communities has been to simplify the community by dividing it into ecologically meaningful groups (Aviv et al.,1996).
Another distinction made within the microbial community is based on the idea of copiotrophs versus oligotrophs where copiotrophs are organisms that thrive under high resource conditions and oligotrophs thrive under low resource conditions (Barns et al., 1999).
One categorization of microorganisms in soil that does not suffer from many of the above shortcomings and that has been widely employed is the division between the major decomposer groups: fungi and Soils are the naturally occurring physical covering of the earth’s surface, and represent the interface of three material states: solids (geological and dead biological materials), liquids (water), and gases (air in soil pores). Each soil is a unique product of the combination of geological parent material, glacial and geomorphological history, the presence and activity of biota, and the history of land use and disturbance regimes. Soils are the foundation of all terrestrial ecosystems and are home to a vast diversity of bacteria, archaea, fungi, insects, annelids, and other invertebrates as well as plants and algae. These soil dwellers provide food or nutrients that support organisms that live above and below ground. Soils also play critical roles in buffering and filtering freshwater ecosystems. Consequently, soils are extremely important to human societies. We depend on soils for the basis on which we and our buildings stand, and for the production of food, building materials, and other resources; indeed, soils influence most ecosystem services on which we depend (Bargett et al., 1996).
Soil microbes, bacteria, archaea, and fungi play diverse and often critical roles in these ecosystem services. The vast metabolic diversity of soil microbes means their activities drive or contribute to the cycling of all major elements (e.g. C, N, P), and this cycling affects the structure and the functions of soil ecosystems as well as the ability of soils to provide services to people.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The introduction of foreign material into the environment will affect the growth of the indigenous micro biota positively or negatively. Detergent treated shampoo introduced into an area is no exception. It is thus needful to examine its effect on garden soil.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research study is to examine the effect of detergent treated shampoo on microbial distribution and microbial population of the garden soil.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this research work include the following;
(1) To obtain garden soil.
(2) To obtain commercially sold detergent and shampoo.
(3) To prepare different concentrations of detergent treated shampoo.
(4) To subject the garden soil to detergent treated shampoo.
(5) To determine the microbial load of the treated garden soil
(6) To make appropriate recommendations from the research study.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will evaluate and determine the effect of detergent treated shampoo on the environment, so as to encourage its disposal on soil or on the contrary caution the public on its safe disposal.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is centered on the effect of detergent treated shampoo on microbial population of garden soil.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
GARDEN SOIL: Garden soil is a special variant of dirt that allows for planting complex plant arrangements.
SOIL: Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and the countless organisms that together support life on earth.
MYCORRHIZA: Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of a vascular plant.
SHAMPOO: Shampoo is a hair care product, typically in the form of a viscous liquid, which is used for cleaning hair.
DETERGENT: Is a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solution.
SURFACTANTS: This is a substance which is capable of reducing surface tension of a liquid typically organic compound.