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ABSTRACT
Diabetes disease is a serious and costly health problem, particularly in developing countries where medication is relatively high. Alternatively, leaves of Moringa oleifera are used in traditional medicine as anti-diabetic. This study aimed to evaluate this anti-diabetic property in guinea pigs. Aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera was administered at various dose to STZ-induced guinea pigs representing type 2 diabetes. The body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG), was evaluated in pretreated and treated guinea pigs. Besides the phytochemical screening of the plant. Moringa oleifera leaves showed anti-diabetic properties, being rich in medo-phytochemicals, supporting the traditional use. Hence, this edible plant is recommended as food supplement for diabetic patients.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE—————————————————————-i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES 5
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 5
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS 6
CHAPTER TWO 7
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 SOURCE OF MORINGA 10
2.2 Moringa oleifera 11
2.3 SOME MORINGA HEALTH BENEFITS 14
2.4 TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS (T1DM) 14
2.5 TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) 15
2.6 GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS 16
2.7 DIABETES WITH REGARD TO PANCREATIC DISEASE 17
2.8 DESCRIPTION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN 18
2.9 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ) 19
CHAPTER THREE 21
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 21
3.1 MATERIALS/APPRATUS 21
3.2 PLANT EXTRACT PREPARATION 21
CHAPTER FOUR 24
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 24
4.1 RESULT 24
4.2 DISCUSSION 29
CHAPTER FIVE 31
5.0 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION 31
5.1 CONCLUSION 31
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 31
REFERENCE 32
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose level. It could be insulin dependent, where there is absolute deficiency of insulin, and non-insulin dependent, where there is some insulin secretion though insufficient. People use different plants traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and Moringa oleifera is one of the many plants used.
Diabetes Mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycemia (Kantaerova et al., 2006). Type 1 diabetes is immune mediated and accounts for about 10% of all diabetes case, affecting approximately 26 million people worldwide. Type 2 insulin–resistant diabetes account for about 90% of all diabetes.
It afflicts an estimated 6% of adult population and its worldwide prevalence is expected to grow by 6% per annum, possibly reaching a total of about 200 – 300 million cases by 2010.
Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; however, it does increase the risk of preeclampsia (i.e. a disorder of pregnancy characterized by onset high blood pressure), depression and requiring a caesarean section, 1%-14% of pregnancies depending on the population studied and diagnostic tests used. Babies born to mothers with poorly treated gestational diabetes are at increased risk of being too large, having low blood sugar after birth and jaundice.
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with disabling and life threatening complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, hepatopathy and coronary artery disease (Komolafe et al., 2013). Chronic hyperglycemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of these complications (Johansen et al., 2005). Previous reports showed that antioxidants may protect people from the disabling effects of diabetes by mapping up free oxygen and superoxide radicals (Johansen et al., 2005). It has also been reported that depletion of antioxidant appears to be a major risk factor for developing complications, and that antioxidant supplements lowered the risk (Shankar et al., 2011).
In general, the normal range of glucose for most (fasting adults) is about 80 – 110mg/dl or 4-6Mmol/c (where 80mg/dl is “optimal”). An individual with a consistent range above 126mg/dl or 7mmol/l is said to have hyperglycemia, where as a consistent rang between 70mg/dl or 4mmol/l is considered hypoglycemic. In fasting adults, blood plasma glucose should not exceed 126mg/dl.
An individual is diagnosed as diabetic when his blood glucose level is chronically ≥ 126mg/dl oral glucose load of 75 hrs oral glucose tolerance test, 0GTT. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world’s most common chronic disease as changing modern lifestyles lead to reduced physical activity and increased obesity (Wild et al., 2004). Early phenomenon of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is insulin insensitivity, which not only has negative metabolic consequences (Panda, 2007; Adlan, 2007) but also contributes subsequent pancreas beta-cells exhaustion, resulting in the onset of clinical hyperglycemia (Strumvol et al., 2005).
Thus, understanding the regulation of the insulin response and identifying the relation mechanisms are important to early treatment and prevention of T2DM.
1.1.1 PHYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF Moringa oleifera FOR REDUCTION OF PLANT GLUCOSE
In this research work, Moringa oleifera is used as the medicinal plant for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is a medicinal plant that constitutes an important source of potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ailments.
In this study, the phytochemical screening of Moringa oleifera is among the numerous plants that aids for the treatment of diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has pointed out that prevention of diabetes and its complications is not only a major challenge for the future but essential if health for all is to be attained WHO, (2008).
It is a plant that has been praised for its health benefits for thousands of years. It is very rich in healthy antioxidants and bioactive plant compounds.
Moringa leaves are rich in many important nutrients including protein, vitamin B6, vitamin C, riboflavin, iron and use in lowering blood sugar level.
1.2 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Moringa oleifera in streptozotocin induced diabetes rates.
To find out the use of Moringa leave extracts for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will enable us to know the importance of Moringa oleifera in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
For the cause of this research, the chosen sample for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus is Moringa oleifera on streptozotocin induced guinea pigs (rats) gotten from Yeghe.
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Moringa oleifera: This is a plant that has been raised for its health benefits for thousands of years. It is popularly known in many countries as a “miracle plant” because of its nutritional and medicinal qualities.
Streptozotocin: This is a naturally occurring chemical that is particularly toxic to the insulin producing beta-cells of the pancreas in mammals. It is used in medicine for treating certain cancers of the islets of larger hands and used in medical research to produce an animal model for hyperglycemia in a large dose as well as T2DM or T1DM with multiple low dose.
Hyperglycemia: This occurs due to excess sugar (glucose) in the blood. It is a symptom of diabetes however; one can have hyperglycemia without having Diabetes Mellitus.