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ABSTRACT
Determination of the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha curcason lipid profile of apparently healthy humans was assayed. Fresh leaves of Jatropha curcas was harvested from three different locations within the confines of Bor. 465.4g of the leaf was washed thoroughly to remove impurity. The leaf was ground and aqueous extract obtained and dissolved in one litre of distilled water. Also 465.4g of the leaf washed thoroughly and transferred into a pot. And one litre of water was added to the leaf and cooked for about 30 minutes after which it was filtered into a plastic container. Sixteen (16) humans were duely enlisted and divided into two groups; group I and group II having equal number of 8 humans. Blood sample were collected from both groups through Venus puncture and transferred into an EDTA bottle, after which 100ml of both prepared leaf was administered orally to the humans in both groups twice a dayfor a period of seven (7) days respectively.After the administration of extracts blood sample were collected using the same procedure above. One week interval was observed without any administration of the prepared leaf after which another blood sample was collected through Venus puncture from both groups using 5ml syringe and transferred into an EDTA washed bottle. All the blood sample collected for each of the days were analyzed for cholesterol (CHO), Triglyceride (TG),High density lipoprotein (HDL),Low density lipoprotein (LDL) using randox reagent and uv-spectrophotometer. Result shows that both the aqueous leaf extract and the cooked J.curcas leaf was able to lower low density lipoprotein (LDL) also known as bad cholesterol and increased High density lipoprotein (HDL) also known as good cholesterol in the experimental human. Result also shows that both the cold and the cooked leaf extract of J.curcas significantly elevated cholesterol (CHO) and decreased or reduced Triglyceride (TG) level in the experimental human. It is concluded that J. curcas extracts can be used to treat cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore recommended that this plant should be administered to people suffering from cardiovascular disease, since it has the tendency to lower Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) and increases High Density Lipoprotein(HDL).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
COVER PAGE: – – – – – – – – I
DECLARATION: – – – – – – – – II
CERTIFICATION: – – – – – – – – III
DEDICATION: – – – – – – – – IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: – – – – – – V
ABSTRACT: – – – – – – – – VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS: – – – – – – – VII
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION: – – – – – – – 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: – – – – 3
1.2 AIM: – – – – – – – – – 4
1.3 OBJECTIVES: – – – – – – – 5
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: – – – – 5
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY: – – – – – 6
1.6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: – – – – 6
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS: – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW: – – – – – – – 8
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF JATROPHA CURCAS: – – – 8
2.2 SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT: – – 10
2.3 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION/ORIGIN: – – 11
2.4 MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF THE PLANT: – – 11
2.5 ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF JATROPHA: – – 12
2.6 OTHER ETHNOMICINAL USES OF J. CURCAS: – – 12
2.7 HEALTH BENEFITS: – – – – – – 13
2.8 INTERNAL USES OF SOME PARTS OF
JATROPHA CURCAS: – – – – – – 13
2.9 EXTERNAL MEDICINAL USES OF SOME PARTS
OF JATROPHAÇY; – – – – – – 14
2.10 OTHER USES OF J. CURCAS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: 15
2.11 BENEFITS OF JATROPHA CURCAS TO THE
ENVIRONMENT: – – – – – – – 16
2.12 JATROHA CURCAS AS A LAND REFORMER; – – 17
2.13 ACTIVITY OF JATOPHA CURCAS: – – – – 18
2.13.1 ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY: – – – – – – 18
2.13.2 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: – – – – 18
2.13.3 ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY: – – – – – 18
2.13.4 ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY: – – – – 19
2.13.5 WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY: – – – – 19
2.13.6 ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY: – – – – – 19
2.13.7 COAGULANT/ ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY: – – 20
2.13.8 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF JATROPHA EXTRACT: 20
2.13.9 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES: – – – – – 20
2.13.10 ANTI-PROTOZOAL ACTIVITY: – – – – – 21
2.13.11 ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY: – – – – – 21
2.14 TOXICITY: – – – – – – – – 21
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD: – – – – – 23
3.1 MATERIALS: – – – – – – – 23
3.2 METHOD: – – – – – – – – 23
3.2.1 COLLECTION OF LEAF SAMPLE: – – – – 23
3.2.2 PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF
JATHROPHA CURCAS LEAF: – – – – 24
3.2.3 PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF
JATHROPHA CUCARS LBY COOKING:- – – – 24
3.2.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: – – – – – 24
3.2.5 PROCEDURE FOR CHOLESTEROL ANALYSIS: – – 26
3.2.6 PROCEDURE FOR HDL ANALYSIS: – – – – 27
CHAPTER 4
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION : – – – – – 29
4.1 RESULT: – – – – – – – – 29
4.2 DISCUSSION: – – – – – – – 37
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: – – – 40
5.1 CONCLUSION: – – – – – – – 40
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS: – – – – – – 40
REFERENCES: – – – – – – – – 41
APPENDIX I: – – – – – – – – I
APPENDIX II: – – – – – – – – VIII
APPENDIX III: – – – – – – – – XV
APPENDIX IV: – – – – – – – – XX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The plant Jatrophacurcas also known as physics nut is a flowering plant which belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae and genus Jatropha. The genus Jatropha derives its meaning from a Greek word Jatro’s (doctor) and Trophie (food) which generally means medicinal uses or doctors nutrient (Agbogidi et al., 2013). It consist of about 170 species in which Jatrophacurcas is the most common of its species. Jatrophacurcas is a small lived tree or large shrub with a height of three to five meters (3-5meters) which can attain a height of 8 to 10 meters tall under favourable conditions. It has a thin greenish bark which exudes large amount of water sap when cut. The plant produces flowers and fruits through out the year under suitable conditions. The seeds contains about 27-40% of oil which when processed, produces a high quality biodiesel fuel which can be useful in a standard diesel engine (Kumar et al., 2008). Besides this, various parts if not all parts of the plant is medicinally useful because of its medicinal properties. It can also be used extensively for other purposes. Different parts of the plant ranging from the leaves, fruits, latex and bark contains glycosides, tannins, phystosteroy, flavourids and steroidal sapogenins which exhibits a wide range of medicinal properties (Edeoga et al., 2005; Agbogidi, 2015).
Lipid is an oily organic compound which is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent such as ethanol. It play important roles in the body in the as stated below: It acts as an essential structural and functional components of a living cell or a biomembranes which forms insulation for nerve conduction and prevents loss of heat, it serves as a hormonal precursor, it aids in the digestion of food, it provides energy to the body and also serves as storage and metabolic fuel. Cholesterol is sterol lipid which is insoluble in the blood and is transported in the blood stream in a complex form known as lipoproteins (Austin, 2007). Cholesterol as an essential component of cell membrane plays major roles in digestion and functions as a precursor for steroid hormones. This research work is focused on the determination of the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha curcas on lipid profile of normal human.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Throughout human history, medicinal plant have been identified and used to treat diseases which is often more affordable than purchasing modern pharmaceutical drugs. Natural medicinal products from plants, have increasingly gained popularity world wide since the populace depends on it as a complementary alterative therapy, based on the fact that the materials are naturally available and abundant with beneficial substances (Drew, 2000 and WHO, 2003).
Chemical compounds in medicinal plants mediate their effects on human through processes thatare identical or similar to chemical compounds in conventional drugs. Therefore, medicinal plants does not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of their efficacy or how they work (Barter et al., 2007 and Boudjeko et al., 2013). This therefore makes herbal medicines as effective as pharmaceutical drugs, they also have the same potential to cause harmful side effects on human (Enechi et al., 2013; Ezekwesili et al.,2008).
Jatropha curcas commonly referred to as hospital too far is a medicinal plant consisting of more than 100 other species within the family of euphorbiaceae. All parts of the plant have been used in human traditional or herbal medicine and for vertinary purpose (Duke, 2001). Some species of Jatropha are being sold as raw drugs and aqueous extract for various applications. Jatropha species are significant source of many phytochemicals with varying biological activities (Devappa, 2010).
Jathropha adapts to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. It grows even in hot and arid regions and on marginal soils with low nutrient content and high acidity. It is suitable for the reclamation of degraded land which cannot be used for agricultural production.
1.2 AIM: The aim of this research work is to determine the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha curcas on lipid profile of humans.
1.3 OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study consist of the following:
- To know if the aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha has any effect on total triglycerol.
- To determineif Jatrophacurcas aqueous leaf extract increases or lowers cholesterol level.
- To determine if it causes low density cholesterol (LDL) or high density cholesterol (HDL).
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work is important because Jatropha curcas is a well known plant that have been used by many region around the world for medicinal purposes without any basic knowledge about the effect this plant as a herbal medicine has on humans health.
This study will help to educate the masses or populace around the world to have a prerequisite knowledge about the effect this plant can cause on human health therefore solving the problem of ignorance.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work on the determination of the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha curcas is carried out on Jatropha curcas plant and human being within the confines of Bori metropolis.
1.6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Jatropha curcas is a plant that is consumed by many region around the world due to its medicinal properties without any basic knowledge of its effect.
This research work is to determine if the aqueous leafextract of Jatropha curcas has any effect on lipid profile of normal human or not.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms were defined from the context of the study for the purpose of clarity.
- Jatropha curcas: This is a specie of flowering plant which belongs to the spurge family of Euphorbiaceae.
- Aqueous extract: This is a water-base preparation from a plant or an animal substance without any residue.
- Lipid: These are fatty acids of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
- Lipid profile: Is a panel of blood tests which serves as an initial broad medical screening for abnormalities in lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.