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ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the determination of heavy metals in grazed and ungrazed soils, at Zaami Street, Bori, Nigeria. It is aimed at determination of heavy metals levels of chromium, cadmium and lead in grazed and unglazed soils by cattle. Soil samples obtained from grazed and ungrazed soils were digested and analyzed for lead, chromium and cadmium using, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GBC Avanta PM AAS, SN A660). The concentration of Cr significantly affected on grazed soil (1.23mg/kg) and ungrazed soil (3.59mg/kg) while that of Cd. and lead were not affected on grazed and ungrazed soil. (0.001mg/kg) the results show the availability of high concentration in un-grazed soil as the level of chromium when compared to grazed soil. The result implied that consuming vegetables grown in un-grazed soils may pose some health risk on living organism.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
Cover page i
Title page…………………………………..………………………………….…ii
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table Of Contents vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 5
1.3 Significance of the Study 6
1.4 Scope of the Study 6
1.5 Aim Objectives of the Study 7
1.6 Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Heavy Metals 9
2.2 Sources and Toxicological Effects of Some Heavy Metals 10
2.3 Toxicity of Lead 11
2.4 Cadmuim 14
2.5 Toxicity of Cadmium 15
2.6 Chromuim 18
2.7 Health Effect of Chromium 19
2.8 Metals 21
2.9 Classification of Metals 21
Classification Based On The Standard Of Environmental And Biological Studies 21
2.10 Pharmacologic and Therapeutic uses of Metals 22
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 24
3.2 Collection of Sample 25
3.3 Preperation of Samples 25
3.4 Soil Analysis 25
3.5 Metals Analysis/Determination 26
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Resutl 28
4.2 Discussion 30
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 32
References 33
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Background Of The Study
There is growing awareness that heavy metals content of soil is increasing in many locations and critical values could be reach on some surface within nearest future if inputs are not reduced a few inputs path that have been identified include manures, fertilizers, sewage sludge, pesticides and the atmosphere due to geochemical activities. The presence of heavy metals in plants were confirmed by (Sothen et al). When they pointed out that the wide distributed of heavy metals in soil due to geochemical conditions and environment assimilation into plants is inevitable. Studies have shown that animals can only absorb 5-15% of the metals they ingest. The majority are excreted in manure which absorb into soil and runs off into water. Also plant can absorb some metals but a significant quality builds up into the soil. This can cause stunt plant growth and poison grazing animals which tends to ingest soil while grazing.
The main problem with heavy metals is that they are not reversible out continue to recycle within the system. During grazing, cattle have been shown to excrete fasces 11 to 12 times and urinate 8 to 11 times daily. Indiscriminate disposal of cow dung coupled with hoof action of cattle during grazing can increase nutrient load in the soil, generate emission of gases, particulate matter, heavy metals and chemicals which can be dispersed in the entire environment by wind action and run off. There is little uptake by plants form the soil of heavy meals and therefore grazing cattle are most likely to be exposed to lead if there is a regular source of air borne contamination. Heavy metals that are present in animals and human waste can enter the environment as untreated waste. Animals waste include cow dung from grazing cattle is never treated to remove heavy metals but is indiscriminately dumped as the cattle graze for food.
Naturally, all soils contain varying concentrations of heavy metals depending on the type of parent material from which the soil was formed. Heavy metals may be added to pasture soils through the application of mineral and organic fertilizers direct defecation and urination by animals, pesticides, soil amendment practices (e.g liming and gypsum applying and atmospheric deposition e,g radionuclides, vehicle and industrial emissions) the heavy metal content of cattle faeces and urine vary by animal diet. Dairy and beef cattle waste contain greater heavy metal concentrations when they are fed with concentrated feed rather than forage or silage. The impact of heavy metals entering pasture soils is affected by the characteristics of the soil, the concentration of metals in the soil varies with the type of source, presence of metals in the environment and soil chemical characteristics. All metals are toxic at certain level of intake, however, in contrast to elements such as chromium, have useful biological functions. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable and capable of accumulating in the body of plant and animals through food chain in the muscles of man resulting in various disease depending on the metals involved, ( Abdu and Muazu, 2007), the reviewer is cautioned to avoid making the mistake of judging proper grazing by the result of over-grazing. (May and Sommes, (1981) concluded that livestock grazing either by sheep or cattle is not inherently bad stream side areas have historically been grazed by habitores with varying degrees of impact, both positive and negative. They found that the critical of grazing activities (Stoddart and Smith, 1943) stated that no use at all is not normal for vegetation and only abnormal use has resulted in range deterioration (Holechek et al. 1986) and (Pieper and Heitschmidt, 1988) discuss that theory that range herbivores have been gracing and browsing on range plants for eons suggesting that herbivores and the vegetation on which they feed co-evolved in a mutualistic manner and that grazing may enhance the long-term reproduction and survival of some species (Marlow, 1990) clarifies that the grazing behaviour of native animals in less than 10% of use on riparian areas consequently riparian area developed under high grazing pressure short term heavy use with long periods of rest.
Heavy metal pollution may have significant toxic and hazardous effect on human health, especially in areas where there is high level of human activities on soil (such as agriculture and grazing). A number of activities have linked heavy metals pollution of soil to some human activities including industrial manufacturing, domestic, sewage generation mining operations, garage production, metallurgical and coffage industrial activities.
(Forstner, U. and Wittman, G.T.W 1976). Therefore, this study is aimed at determing the heavy metals level in chromium, lead, cadmium in grazed and un-grazed soil in cattle in Bori River State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Pollution of soil by heavy metal is of serious concern to man and has been seen as a great potential health hazard due to their persistence in the environment and carcinogenicity to human beings (Duffus, 2002). Lead is among the heavy metals implicated to cause toxicity in animals and man (Roberts, 1999). This is due to wide spread environmental pollution by materials containing these metals, e.g, paints, pipes, batteries, soldering rods, gun power, pesticides, fungicides, when they occur in high amount. Lead and chromium, due to their direct effects on hematoporesis, reduced integrity of red blood cells membrane. (Radostists et al 1994). Therefore, man becomes at risk by eating food and drinking fluids contaminated with heavy metals or through air or direct contact with the metals in people working in industries/factories dealing with heavy metals and their derivatives.
1.3 Significance of the Study
Heavy metals occur naturally in soil environment and agriculture was the first major human influences on the soil, to grow and complete the life cycle. Therefore, this study on determination of heavy metals of (cadmium, chromium and lead), the basic to find more effective means of controlling and managing these heavy metal discharges from contaminated sources which will be dangerous to animals, plants and human.
1.4 Scope of the Study
Considering the topic of this study, the scope had been confined to determined the heavy metals of cadmium, lead and chromium levels in grazed and un-grazed soil by cattle in Bori Rivers State.
1.5 Aim and Objective of the Study
1.5.1 Aim of the study aimed at determing the heavy metals of chromium, lead and cadmium levels in grazed and ungrazed soils by cattle in Bori.
1.5.2 Objectives of the Study
- To determined the level of chromium, lead and cadmium in grazed and ungrazed soil by cattle.
- To compare the results with international best practices and standards.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Heavy Metals: This is a member of a loosely defined subset of element that exhibit metallic properties. It mainly includes the transition metals some metalloid lanthanides and actinides.
Soil: It is defined as an unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Liming Appling: It is use to reduce acidity and improve fertility or oxygen levels.
Gypsum: Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dehydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4 2H30.