Complete Material Cost #3,000
Order for Complete Material now
ABSTRACT
This work was on the determination of heavy metals on the determination of As,Cd, Cr,Cu, and Fe in soils and selected vegetables. In the study, heavy metals in soil on roadside and 8m away from the roadside in Arsenic, Chromium, Cadmium are(< 0.001 –0.001mg/kg) while in Copper (0.382-0.272mg/kg)Iron (1,548.505-63mg/kg). in vegetable like pumpkin, waterleaf and bitter leaf their heavy metals in Arsenic, Chromium, Cadmium are (< 0.001mg/kg) waterleaf has higher value in iron (74.103mg/kg)than pumpkin (68.710mg/kg)and bitter leaf (62.106mg/kg)while in copper bitter leaf has higher value of (0.053mg/kg) than pumpkin (0.048mg/kg), water leaf (0.044mg/kg). However the calculated mean result for road side soil (309.78mg/kg) and 8m away from the road side (126.63mg/kg). this is a clear indication that roadside is more in iron (Fe) than that of 8m away from the road and the selected vegetables around the vicinity of the road exposed to vehicular emission and road construction dust in Saakpenwa road Bori, Rivers State.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE Error! Bookmark not defined.
COVER PAGE…………………………………………..……………………….ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 5
1.3 AIM AND OBJECITVE OF STUDY 7
AIM 7
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 8
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS 9
CHAPTER TWO 11
LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 OCCURRENCE AND EMISSION OF HEAVY METALS 11
2.2 HEAVY METALS IN SOIL AND VEGETABLES IN NIGERIA 14
2.3 ORIGIN OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS ON ROADSIDE 16
2.3.1 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS: EXHAUST 17
2.3.2 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS: NON-EXHAUST 18
2.3.3 ROAD CONSTRUCTION 19
2.3.4 OTHER SOURCES 19
2.4 TOXICITY OF HEAVY METALS 20
2.4.1 CADMIUM 20
2.4.2 ZINC 21
2.4.3 COPPER 22
2.4.4 LEAD 23
2.4.5 CHROMIUM 24
2.4.6 IRON 24
2.4.7 ARSENIC 25
2.5 CHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY 26
2.6 STUDIES RELATED TO HEAVY METAL POLLUTION ON VEGETABLES AND ASSOCIATED SOIL ALONG THE ROAD…………………………………………………………………………… 27
2.7 PLANTS UNDER STUDY 35
2.7.1 FLUTED PUMPKIN (TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS) 35
2.7.2 BITTER LEAF (VERNONIA AMYGDALINA) 37
2.7.3 WATER LEAF (TALINUM TRIANGULAR) 40
CHAPTER THREE 42
MATERIALS/METHOD 42
3.1 STUDY AREA 42
3.2 MATERIALS/REAGENTS 42
3.3 Reagents 43
3.4 CLEANING OF GLASSWARE AND SAMPLE CONTAINERS 44
3.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION 44
3.5.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION 45
3.6 DIGESTION 45
3.7 DETERMINATION OF THE SELECTED HEAVY METALS USING ASS. 46
CHAPTER FOUR 47
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 47
4.2 RESULTS 47
4.2.1 HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS OF SOIL 47
4.3 DISCUSION 50
CHAPTER FIVE 53
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 53
5.1 COUCLUSION 54
REFERENCES 56
APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………64
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Roads are widespread and common landscape feature, present in even the remote areas, and are entirely anthropogenic in origin. The primary function of roads is to facilitate the transport of people between locations, and to provide access to otherwise remote areas. In doing so, roads create artificial corridors in landscapes, and as such perform a number of function that are characteristics of both natural and human, induced corridors. These functions are inhabited, conduct, filter, source and sink (Forman, 2000).
Roads in national parks and other such reserve serves four primary functions including access for fire suppression, resources use (such as timber harvesting) recreation and land management. The type size and average traffic volume of these roads varies widely ranging from major sealed access roads to discussed fire suppression track.Due to the influence of roads on a range of biotic and abiotic processes, as well as on landscape structure and function, it has been suggested that they should be considered an inherent component of landscape structure (Sorme and Lagerkvist, 2002). In Nigeria, numerous studies on roadside soil pollution have focused on total emission loads of heavy metals into open grassland and agricultural areas (Schwab et al., 2011 Zhang et al.,2012).
Generally, totalheavy metals content in roadside soil were found strongly dependent on traffic density and showed an exponential decrease with distance from the road, reaching backgroundlevel 10-100m. The natural soil concentration of heavy metals depends primarily on the parent material composition (Zakir et al., 2014).
Human activities have dramatically changed the balance biochemical and geological cycles of many heavy metals. An assessment of the environmental risk caused by soil contamination is especially important for agricultural as well as non-cultivated areas due to the fact that metals potentially harmful to human health persist in soil for a relatively longtime and may transfer into the food chain in considerable amount. (Sznkwska et al., 2007).
Urban roadside soil are the “recipients of large amount of heavy metals from a variety of source including vehicle emission, coal burning waste and other activities (Skinner, 2008). Heavy metals are found in fuels, in the walls of fuel tanks, engines and other vehicle components in catalytic converters, tries and break pads, as well as in roads surface materials (Deska et al.,2011). Contamination of the soil over the natural level by Pb, Zn, Cr and Co could be one of the indications of anthropogenic environmental pollution. Fast development of industries continuously increasing population, and intensification of road traffic are regarded as the foremost cause of ecosystem pollution in urban areas (Atafaret al., 2010).
Concentration of metals in plant vary with plant species. Plant uptake of heavy metals from soil either occurs passively with the mass flow of water into the roots, or through active transport crosses the plasma membrane of root epidermal cell (Loan et al., 2008). Common sources of soil and plant contamination with heavy metals in traffic. Heavy metals are naturally present in the environment. However, the dynamic development of industry and motorization as well as the continuing over intensive use of various chemical compounds in agriculture, causes constantly increase of toxic heavy metals in the environment (Merian et al., 2004).
Increased development of motorization leads to more intensive contamination of areas adjacent to communication tracks. In big urban agglomerations in the neigbourhood of transport routes, cares are the major source of air pollution (80%) creating a serious endangerment for human health (Blagojevic et al.,2009).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Roads are important infrastructures that plays a major role in stimulating social and economic activities. However, road construction and heavy vehicular movement has also resulted in heavy environmental pollution while many studies have been made on lead, but little attentions had been focus on the contamination of other trace metals in the roadside environment. Emission from the heavy traffic on road contain lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). Which were present in fuel as anti-knock agents. This has also led to contamination of air and soils on which vegetables are planted. (loanet al., 2003). However, no recent literature on the effect of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement on the chemical quality of soil and selected vegetables in adjoining farmland has made known to the public especially in Ogoni land which happens to be known for agricultural activities.
Hence, the effect of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement on the chemical quality of soil and selected vegetables in adjoining farmland are paramount importance.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
AIM
The primary aim of this study is to determine the level of As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Fe in soil and vegetable collected from road side farm exposed to construction dust.
OBJECTIVE
- To determine of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement has an effect on the chemical quality of a soil in adjoining farmland in Saapkenwa road, Bori.
- To determine of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement has an effect on the chemical quality of selected vegetables such as (Telfairia occidenlals, Vernonia amygdalina, Talium triangulare) in saapkenwa road Bori.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The primary function of road is to facilitate the transport of people between locations and to provide access to otherwise
remote area and more but little literature has been given on the effect on road construction and heavy vehicular movement on the environment, soil, farmlands and vegetables.
This research work provides information on the study of the effect of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement on the chemical quality of soil and selected vegetable in adjoining farmland in Saapkenwa road Bori in Rivers state, Nigeria which contributes to the growing field of researchon the effect of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement on the chemical quality of soil in adjoining farmland. This study also has the capacity to provide knowledge to farmers in Saapkenwa road. If their soil or farmland are polluted or not or the recent road construction in the area has any effect on their vegetables.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to the effect of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement on the chemical quality of soil and selected vegetables in Saapkenwa road Bori, Nigeria. The research process involves identifying the effect of road construction work and heavy vehicular movement of the chemical quality on soil and selected vegetables such as Telfairia occidenlalis, Vernonia amygdalina, talnum triangulardifferently and identifying the result obtained from their analysis
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Road:This is defined as a long narrow stretch with a smoothed or paved surface made for traveling by motor vehicle, carriage, etc. between two or more point, street or highway. It is also wide way leaching from one place to another especially one with a specially prepared surface which vehicle can use.
Construction:This is the process of clearing, dredging, excavating and grading of land and other activity associated with buildings, structures, or other types of real property such as bridges, dams, roads.
Road construction
Chemical:This can be any substance (as an acid) that is formed when two or more other substance act upon one another or that is used to produce a change in another substance.
Chemical Quality:This refers to general water characteristics and dissolved mineral levels in the water. It is also has the substance which are known to be of importance to health and which are known to be present in significant concentration in drinking-water
Vegetables:This is any plant of which is used for food, that is not a fruit or seed, but including mature fruits that are eaten as a part of a main meal.
Heavy vehicles: an heavy vehicles is a vehicle that has a gross vehicle mass (GVM) or aggregate trailer mass (ATM) of more than 4.5tones and a combination that includes a vehicles with a GVM or ATM of more than 4.5tones.