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ABSTRACT
This research is on the-determination of kinematic viscosity of kerosene from oando and Total marketers in Rivers State, Nigeria here Kerosene from Oando, Conoil and Total were selected. Three (3) Beakers were used and were filled with the sample required. Mercury in glass thermometer was inserted into the samples to get their absolute temperature and a glass capillary tube viscometer was used to measure in order to know the most viscous among them. This procedure was carried out three consecutive times, and then the average was taken from the reading. Total was the least viscous, and Oando the most Viscous. It was observed that Kerosene has much higher viscosity than water. The results were as follows Oando (54.08) average time-flow, Conoil (54.02) average time-flow and Total (52.50) average time-flow. This result specifically shows how viscous they were. Therefore, the further research work should be done on the emissivity of different Kerosene.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Kerosene as a Newtonian fluid is one that obeys the Newton’s law of viscosity which states that the shears of a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. The constant of proportionality being coefficient of viscosity. In Newtonian fluids, there is a linear relation between the magnitude of shear stress and the resulting rate of deformation. From Newton’s law of viscosity it can be said that the viscosity of a fluid is also a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of “Thickness” for example honey has a much higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is properly arising from cohesions between neighboring particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Where the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which comprise the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube’s axis and move slowly near its roads, therefore some stress, (such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube) is needed to overcome the friction between the particle layers to keep the fluid moving. For the same velocity pattern, the stress required, is proportional to the fluid’s viscosity.
In viscid or ideal fluid is one that has no resistance to shear stress. Super fluids exhibits zero viscosity only at very low temperatures, otherwise, all fluids have position viscosity and are technically said to be viscous or viscid. In common parlance however, a liquid is said to be viscous if its viscosity is substantially greater that of water; and may be described as mobile if the viscosity is noticeably less than water. A fluid with a relatively high viscosity for example, pitch may appear to be a solid.
From the physicochemical point of view, viscosity means the resistance of one part of the fluid to move relative to another one, therefore, viscosity must be closely correlated with the structural parameters of the fluid particles.
In the food industry, viscosity is one of the most important processes; viscosity is also an important factor that determines the overall quality and stability of a food system. The effect of the operating conditions, such as temperature and shear rate on the density is relatively small compared to their effect in viscosity (B. Marcia, et al. 2002). Hence the density may be treated as a constant and the viscosity is considered the main operating condition influencing the separation process of non-Newtonian fluid. The viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids changes with shear rate applied in the power law equation is widely used in literature to express the effect of shear rate on the viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids at constant temperature (Askel, 2002 and Wallis, 1969). The phenomenon of reduction in viscosity as temperature increases is explained by the reduction of the intermolecular attraction with increasing temperature.
1.2 DIMENSION AND UNITS OF VISCOSITY
Viscosity is qualitatively described as “resistances to flow”, has dimension:
ML’1 T’1 Hence, the SI units are Kgm-1S-1. Now the SI unit of pressure is the Pascal which is;
Force/area – Kgs2/m2 = Kgm-1S-2
Hence, the unites of viscosity are those for pressure multiplied by seconds, so Pascal become the terminology for the SI units of viscosity where;
IPa.s = lKgm-1S-1
The viscosity so expressed is the dynamic viscosity, usually symbol λ and the following applies.
Kinematic viscosity (usually symbol λ) = λ /p
Where P is the density. The kinematic viscosity therefore has the units;
Kgm-1S-1 / Kgm-3 = m2S-1
The units and dimension of kinematic viscosity are the same as those of diffusion coefficients and thermal diffusivities. Kinematic viscosities
Therefore feature in dimensionless groups including the widely used prandt number (symbol Pr) which is simply;
Pr v/ә
Where ә is the thermal diffusivity, the kinematic viscosity also appear in the lewis number (symbol Le), noting the definition of the kinematic viscosity, the numerator changes with temperature much rapidly than the denominator, that is the dynamic viscosity of a liquid is a much stronger function of the temperature than is the density. The latter can be used for engineering purpose often be taken to be constant over quite a wide temperature range, therefore in the calculation of kinematic viscosities at different temperature only changes in the dynamic viscosity need to be considered.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
To determine the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid (A case study of Kerosene from different marketers in Rivers State).
To determine how much effect parameters such as temperature, shear rate, shear stress, etc could have on the viscosity of kerosene since viscosity is time and temperature dependent.
To determine how important viscosity can be to major consumers of kerosene like aviation industry, distillers and lubricating factories.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
the significance or important of viscosity measurement of kerosene appeals mostly to airline industries since this substance kerosene serve as jet fuel and it is of utmost importance to determine its viscosity due to very high altitude.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is based on the determination of the viscosity of kerosene from different marketers in Rivers State and to note any difference in their viscosities as well as the reason(s) for such differences.
1.6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The vapour of kerosene mixed with air is as explosive as gunpowder. This is due to the practice of adulteration of kerosene with cheaper but more volatile hydrocarbon such as naphtha, which is common amongst local distillers (bunkering) in the airline industries, there is more flexibility for use for novel fuels which jet engines, since combustion is such a device is continuous not intermittent. However, the flexibility is restricted by the very large temperature swings a jet fuel experiences in flight and affects of this on fuel pumping.
1.7 LIMITATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
In the course of carrying out this study, certain problems were encountered such as;
The best possible viscosity measurement to sue having understood the behaviour of Newtonians fluids.
The best environmental working conditions depending on what is obtainable in the laboratory.
The most accurate method to employ in computing the result.
Reliable source of material with detailed information on viscosity of kerosene.