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ABSTRACT
The project aims at designing and fabricating ice block making machine as well as experimental purpose in Refrigeration and Air conditioning laboratories. The ice plant is used to evaluate capacity of the ice plant, calculate coefficient of performance (COP) of the system, to reduce the refrigeration time and plot the system performance on P-H chart. For the design purpose cooling load required to produce definite quantity of ice estimated using heat transfer relation is calculated by using vapour compression cycle. The model is analysed for its cooling capacity assumed per unit mass flow rate of refrigerant. As per the study of research paper, physical and chemical properties of different refrigerants, we come to the conclusion that R134a is best suitable refrigerant for the proposed system. Brine is better suited as a secondary refrigerant for the requirements of the system due to its excellent properties over conventional secondary refrigerant. The conventional ice plant has been studied and a prototype model of an ice plant has been fabricatedwith above said accessories and the fabrication techniques and methods used are; riveting, brazing, cutting, drilling, mechanical fastening and welding.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITTLE PAGE i
DECLARATION iii
TABLE OF CONTENT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Objective of the Study 3
Significance of the Study 3
Scope of the Study 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
Summary 7
CHAPTER THREE 8
DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND DESIGN ANALYSIS 8
Design Considerations 8
Design Analysis 8
Material Selection 17
Fabrication Techniques 21
CHAPTER FOUR 33
TESTING/RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33
Principle of Operation 33
Presentation of Results 34
Discussion 35
Safety Precautions and Maintenance procedures 35
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIION 38
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX A 41
APPENDIX C 42
Glossary 44
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Ice is water frozen into solid. The most common phase transition occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0°c (273K, 32°F) at atmospheric standard pressure. Since ancient times ice has been used as a means of processing, cooling, preserving and storing of food and drinks. Ice is now produced industrially by means mechanical refrigeration.
An ice making machine also referred to as an ice maker, ice generator is a machine that produces ice in the shortest period of time. This machine operates on the principle of refrigeration and it produces ice to meet the demands of the people which includes; food storage or preservation, processing, chemical manufacturing, storage of medical tools, drugs, to chill drinks and beverages. Ice is used in a variety of ways including sports, winter sports, cooling, and ice sculpture.
Ice is a crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure and hence ice fits the properties of minerals. It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the molecule of water which consists of a single oxygen atom covalently bonded with two hydrogen atoms or H-O-H. Ice has an unusual property when frozen at atmospheric pressure in the sense that it is approximately 8.3% less dense than liquid water.
Background of the Study
Food by its nature begins to spoil the moment it is harvested and for this purpose, in ancient times, in order to survive man had to come up with means of preserving food and for this purpose man had to harness nature in order not to consume the kill or harvest immediately. Freezing was an obvious preservative method to the appropriate climate and geographical areas that have freezing temperatures for even parts of a yearmade use of the temperature to preserve foods, less than freezing temperatures. Ice was used to prolong storage times, thus ice cellars, caves and cool streams were developed and put to good use, for that purpose wealthy families in Europe,Asia, America had ice cellars or ice houses built to store ice and food on ice, cellars for wine, soon the icehouse became an icebox and because of this the idea of refrigeration came to be. Until the 1800’s when mechanical and thermal refrigeration was introduced ice was mostly used. Therefore ice can be said to be the principal means of refrigeration until the 20th century and it is still in practise in most countries across the globe.
Statement of the Problem
Ice is now produced mechanically on an industrial scale for uses including food storage, chemical manufacturing, concrete mixing, medical usage, curing(first aid), drug storage, etc. Most commercial ice producers or icemakers produces ice in different fragmentary ice which includes; flake ice, tubular, cubes, crushed, using a variety of techniques. This is as a result of ice having a variety of application and high rate of demand. Large ice plants can produce up to 65 tons of ice per day. Small scale ice produces cannot match this since they mostly make use of home refrigerators and due to financial constraints, shortage of power supply.
This project work however does not solve the problem posed or associated with power shortage or financial constraints being faced by small scale icemakers. This project work is intended to increase the volume of production per day by reducing the harvest time for production of ice, instead of a whole day (24hrs), this work is intended to produce ice within 8 hours and 3 batches of production a day.
Objective of the Study
The aim of this project work is as follows;
1. To design andfabricate aice block making machine
2. To increase productivity as well as to reduce the cost of production
3. To create awareness about the benefits of preserving foodwith ice.
4. To produce ice block within 8 hours and 3 batches of production a day.
Significance of the Study
The design and fabrication of ice block making machine would lead to a decrease in the harvest time of ice blocks,it will lead to a significant increase in the volume of ice blocks produced per day,and it will create awareness to the public about the benefits of using a secondary refrigerant in ice making.
This project work will be beneficial to these sectors;
1. Medical/Pharmaceuticals: it can be used to reduce swelling (reduce blood flow) and pain by pressing it against the affected area of the body.
2. /Restaurant/Cold storage: ice is used to cool drinks and beverages. As it melts it absorbs heat and keeps the drink near 0°c. It is also used as preservative for most fruits, vegetables, fish,margarine,beef, eggs and other frozen foods such as; chicken parts or full, turkey, meats and gizzards etc.
3. Sports: In sports ice is used as part of first aid treatment to injured athletes to stop bleeding, reduce swelling. Reduce the effect of muscle pull and other muscle injuries.
4. Homes: Domestically, ice is used to preserve, store edibles and so on.
Scope of the Study
The scope of this project work is focused on the Design and Fabrication of ice block making machine using brine as a secondary machine.
Complete Material Cost #3,000
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