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ABSTRACT
Any individual is basically moved to do a particular task when in need or when challenged by the environment (Amabile, 2013). This project entails Design and Construction of a double tube evaporator that was capable of chilling water using a refrigerant as the working fluid, where the water gets chilled after the latent heat of vaporization has occurred on both fluids. Design and construction of the evaporator was carefully chosen amongst all other major components in the refrigeration system for demonstration of industrial water chiller for laboratory use. The study was conducted making use of stock scrap water dispenser. Innovative design, construction and function were validated and results revealed that the design of water chiller was Highly Acceptable implying that the design meets the required competency (Friedman, 2003). It increases the students’ performances during pre-test (moderately satisfactory and effective) to very satisfactory and highly effective in the post test after having a practical application on the use of the water dispenser. Thus, this design is recommended to be utilized and duplicated for similar use.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
Background of Study 1
Statement of Problem 2
Objective of the study 3
Significance of the study 3
Scope of the study 4
CHAPTER TWO 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Principles and Theory of Evaporation 5
Utilization of Industrial chillers 5
Overview of Double-tube Evaporator 6
Factors Determining forms of Design and Construction 7
Types of liquid chiller evaporators 8
Empirical studies 8
Theoretical framework 10
Summary of Literature Review 12
CHAPTER THREE 14
DESIGN AND FABRICATION 14
Design Consideration 14
Design Analysis 18
Material Selection 21
Fabrication Techniques: 21
CHAPTER FOUR 25
TESTING/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
Principle of Operation/Testing 25
Discussion 26
Test procedures: 26
Presentation of Results: 27
Safety precautions And Maintenance Procedures 28
CHAPTER FIVE 30
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 30
CONCLUSION 30
RECOMMENDATION 30
REFERENCE 32
APPENDICES 33
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Evaporator is an important device used in the low pressure side of a refrigeration system. Khurmi and Gupta, (2012) submit that the function of an evaporator is to absorb heat from the surrounding location or medium which is to be cool, by means of a refrigerant. Kpabep, (2012) added that designing liquid chilling evaporators are usually to suit the purpose or type of duty for which they are intended. There are four types of liquid chilling evaporators. These are double tube cooler, bandelet cooler, tank-type cooler, shell and coil cooler and shell and tube cooler. In all, heat being transferred from a hot fluid into a cold fluid. Due to the facts that there are no joints through which leakage occur in double tube cooler, this study rely on double tube cooler.
Double tube liquid chiller consists of two tubes, with one tube inside the other. The chilled fluid flows in one direction through the inner tube while refrigerant flows in the opposite direction through the annular space between the inner and outer tubes. This counter flow method promotes high efficiency because the high heat transfer coefficient that is gained in the liquid is made to have contact with the cooler part of the refrigerant first Kpabep, (2012).
Double tube liquid chillers have a simple design, being made of two concentric tubes where a fluid flows through the interiors tube, while the other one flows through the ring-type space. This type of liquid chiller is used in various industrial domains, such as the food processing industry or the oil refining industry. Milind & Madhukar (2015), Serth (2007). Double tube liquid chillers present the following advantages: simple structures, operation in counter-flow, and operation at relatively low flow rates, operations at high temperatures and pressures.
Chillers are used for a host of industrial applications. John Schaub, (1996) presented that technology has created machines that can cut out very specific steel products with the precise use of a laser cutting machine. These lasers run at a very high temperature and must be cooled to run properly. Temperature corporation inc, (2007) added that chillers can be used to cool hot plastics that is injected, blown, extruded or stamped in the plastic industry. And industrial process where expansion is inevitable, a chilling system could be the perfect solution.
Clara Davies, (2008) presented that laboratory and practical work are characteristic features of an undergraduate degree programme in engineering discipline. This develops skills and attitudes that will enable graduates to operate effectively and professionally in an engineering workplace. Trying to incorporate practical work successfully into the engineering curriculum can present a number of challenges. Laboratory and practical work are expensive to run, sometimes requiring specialist equipment to be purchased or hired, that can rapidly become obsolete.
Statement of Problem
Chillers systems are widely used in our everyday life. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machineries in a wide range of industries. They are often used in the injection and blowing molding, metal working cutting oils, welding equipment, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverages processing, x- ray diffraction. But these chillers are barely found in school laboratories and quite expensive. Due to learning periods which normally takes the whole of the day, students don’t have much time to go for excursion to those industries where they are widely used. This poses a limitation on the students thereby having a theoretical knowledge without practical and industrial operational use of it.
Hence, this research demonstrates industrial water chiller operational working principle by using a double tube evaporator. This will help the students have an operational knowledge of how the evaporator works to provide chilled water.
Objective of the study
The objective of this study is to design and construct double-tube evaporator chiller for laboratory demonstration. Specifically, To:-
Identify material for the construction of a double-tube evaporator.
Determine the appropriate size of the double-tube evaporative chillers.
Demonstrate the utilization of a double-tube chiller using a dispenser.
Significance of the study
Engineering design will not be complete if we do not define who benefit at the end of the design and construction of any project done. Therefore, at the completion of this project, it will serve as an important purpose for;
Students, especially the graduating ones going to the labor market to show case both the theoretical and operational skills that have been acquired during the design and construction. And also it will aid the up-coming ones during learning.
Industrial use: This will aid them in chilling of their products, especially the breweries industries, and chilling of petroleum products in the refinery industries.
Home (Domestic) use: This will help the chilling of potable water especially in hot climate region.
Researchers Reference Study: This project will serve as a research study material for the Department of Mechanical Engineering of ken saro wiwa polytechnic bori, and a reference material to other researcher in the field or any one that deem it necessary in similar research, and for modification purposes.
Scope of the study
The study is centered on the design and construction of double-tube evaporator for laboratory demonstration.