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Abstract
The intake of Alcohol resulting into fatal inferno has become a serious problem in road safety and other areas where safe driving is handled and required Alcohol drinking while driving has lead to various accidents resulting in financial loss as well as human injuries and/or loss. The work aims at designing a system that detects intake of Alcohol and helps the driver or other car users through LED display besides turning off the car ignition supply valve as a primary safety measure. The shutting off of the car ignition stops further actions to the driver to prevent accidental outbreak arising from attempt at igniting of the car. The system more like a first Aid, automatically uses a normally closed solenoid valve for the shutting off of the car ignition. The system is an intelligent system, as it does not create a noise nuisance when it smells concentration of intake of Alcohol in the driver or any of the car users has gone below the set point and opens the car ignition for normal operations. This work will minimize injuries/losses occasioned by explosions due to alcohol intake and improve safety of life and property while using the road.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
0.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 3
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT 4
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 4
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 4
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 5
1.7 OUTLINE OF PROJECT 5
CHAPTER TWO 7
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.0 RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION AS INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ON HUMAN 7
2.0.1 ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION CHANGE IN WEIGHT 9
2.0.2 THE TIME AFTER ONE DRANK 10
2.1 REVIEW OF PAST RELATIVE AUTOMATED ALCOHOL DETECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM 11
2.1.1 DETECTION USING ALCOHOL ODOUR SENSORS: 11
2.1.2 DETECTION USING FACIAL MONITORING SYSTEM 11
2.1.3 DETECTION OF THE DRIVER’S STATE FROM THE DRIVING BEHAVIOUR 12
2.2 REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT PART THAT MAKES UP THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM 12
2.2.1 ALCOHOL SENSOR: 13
2.2.2 MICROCONTROLLER 14
2.2.3 APPLICATIONS 15
2.2.4.0 RESISTOR 16
2.2.4.1 TYPES OF RESISTOR 16
2.2.4.2 APPLICATION OF A RESISTOR 20
2.2.5 CAPACITORS 20
2.2.5.1CAPACITOR CONSTRUCTION 23
2.2.5.2 TYPES OF CAPACITOR 24
2.2.5.3 APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITOR 27
2.2.6 DIODE 28
2.2.7 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) 28
2.2.8 TRANSISTOR 31
2.2.8.1 BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CONSTRUCTION 32
2.2.8.2 BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATIONS 32
2.2.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 33
2.2.9.1 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR WORKING PRINCIPLE 34
CHAPTER THREE 35
PROJECT METHODOLOGY 35
3.0 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY BACKGROUND 35
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION OF THE ENTIRE SUB-CIRUIT THAT MAKES UP THE SYSTEM 35
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM USING AUTO MOBILE SYSTEM 36
3.3 PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM USING AUTO MOBILE SYSTEM 37
3.5 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT PARAMETER’S USED FOR THE DESIGN 38
3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM USING AUTO MOBILE SYSTEM 39
3.4 CASING CONSTRUCTION 41
3.5 SAFETY MEASURES 42
CHAPTER FOUR 43
IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS, TESTING AND RESULT 43
4. 1 DESIGN CONCEPT 43
4.1.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN: 43
4.1.2 EQUIPMENTS AND TOOL USED 46
4.1.2.1 TOOLS FUNCTION 46
4.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 47
4.4.1 TEST AND MEASUREMENT 47
4.4.3 OUTPUT OBSERVATION OF THE SYSTEM UNIT 47
CHAPTER FIVE 56
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 56
5.0 CONCLUSION 56
5.1 RECOMMENDATION 57
REFERENCES 58
CHAPTER ONE
0.1 INTRODUCTION
Every now and then there are cases of accident, especially on our roads, these occurrences which is referred to as an undesirable or an unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading to it been recognized has taken the lives of many of our loved ones and must be reduced if not completely terminated.
Common causes of accidents on the road has been traced to the following;
1. Distracted driving.
2. Speeding.
3. Drunk driving.
The third on the above list is the area of concentration because it is responsible for multiple accidents that are recorded daily. The essence of the alcohol detector project is to remedy the occurrence of road accidents, especially the ones caused by drunk driving, this involves the development of a sensor based device which operation is made possible by integrating an alcohol sensor with the microcontroller, the device is then installed in an automobile system (a vehicle) to control the operation of it drunk user when high concentration of alcohol is detected.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Alcohol sensors are employed in a wide range of applications in the fields of safety, health, and instrumentation. Common examples are domestic or commercial alarms for explosive and toxic gases or in automotive application as gas leakage detectors for LPG within our environment in order to enhance safety to health. Such sensors, nowadays, are found also in applications involving air quality control systems and pollution monitoring.
Today sensors have featuring a high sensitivity to a wide gases variety, are very compact in size and have significantly reduced their power consumption to better adapt to portable solutions. Despite the sensor could be treated, basically, as a variable resistor which value depends on alcohol concentration in air the practical implementation in a project should be done considering some design rules, especially if the final circuit is a device to be used in a field where reliability is strongly required.
Alcohol detectors can make a valuable contribution to the safety of these processes. The detector can be used to trigger alarms if a specified concentration of the alcohol or vapour is exceeded. This can provide an early warning of a problem and help to ensure peoples safety. However, a detector does not prevent the intake occurring or indicate what action should be taken. It is not a substitute for safe working practices and maintenance.
The application of microcontroller in such an instrument will reduce cost. Primarily, the microcontroller is capable of storing a programming. The microcontroller contains a CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random-access memory), ROM (read only memory), IO (input/output), serial and parallel ports, timers, and sometimes other built-in peripherals such as A/D (analog-to-digital) and D/A (digital-to-analog) converters.
There is a large variety of microcontroller on the market today. We will focus on a few versatile microcontroller chips called programmable interface controller PIC chips from Microchip Technology. Microchip uses PIC to describe its series of PIC micro controllers.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The concept of Alcohol detection in automobile system has been around since the late 1970s. But with the advancement of technology and services, people’s expectations as regards driving safe should do or how the services should operate and control the operation of safe driving during the course of time, and so has the idea of Alcohol detection systems. If we look at different safety agents over time, they have always tried to provide efficient, convenient, and safe ways for driver’s and car users. Irrespective of the sensitization to the user expectations, advancement of technology, or change of time, the role and behavior of road users has remained the same. Thus, these has given way to the development of an automated Alcohol detection System that is capable of restricting the unauthorized user (road abuser) and aid the drunk person to be unable to switch on the ignition until it’s save for the road user to drive after taking alcohol.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The aim of this project is to construct an concentration detector in cars to prevent drunk driving. And to achieve this, system is made to consist of these parts:
1. Sensor Part–used to detect the concentration of alcohol in the air and send the concentration in the form of voltage signals to the following part.
2. Processing Part—used to receive the voltage signals and process the signal to analog signals that can be standard for the concentration of alcohol.
3. Indicator(LED)—used to get the processed signal and show the data to users in the form of Light.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The project is basically on the development of an alcohol Detector system that can be embedded into automobile system which can control the car ignition system automated when alcohol is detected. The sensor could be treated, basically as a variable resistor which value depends on alcohol concentration in air and high sensitivity.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
From the approach used in implementing this system, it offers flexibility to provide reliable detection of alcohol in its present environment where it is being used, It gives good sensitivity range suitable to be used in any automobile system. The result provided also reference for discrimination of driving performance; it has a great potential application in traffic safety research on one hand, the study on the effect of alcohol is the foundation for the detection of drunk driving.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
• Sensors may be cross-sensitive to other gases as alcohol has also some amount of gas substances.
• Catalytic sensors are not suitable for use in atmospheres with variable oxygen level, or with oxygen level over 21 % or below 15 %. Long-term exposure to atmospheres with flammable alcohol level over 100 % of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) may shorten the sensor life.
• Catalytic sensors might lose sensitivity in presence of poisons and inhibitors such as silicone, halogens, and heavy metals. Where these compounds are present continuously.
• Infrared sensors are not suitable for the detection of hydrogen.
• Alcohol detectors must be protected from direct sunlight, vibrations and mechanical impacts.
1.7 OUTLINE OF PROJECT
This project consists of five chapters. The first chapter discuss about introduction of study, background, objective and scope of this project. Chapter two discuss more on theory and include literature reviews that have been done. It also will discuss on components of the hardware and software used in this project. Chapter three discuss on the methodology hardware and software development of this project. Chapter four will discuss about projects testing and results. Finally in chapter five it will discuss about conclusion and future work proposal for the project.
Complete Material Cost #3,000