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ABSTRACT
This project is a power bank for laptops, and it is designed to serve as a back up to a laptop whenever there is no power supply and it has a variable knob which controls the output voltage to a desired value. The problem is that we carry different chargers for different gadgets. Though the cost of producing is more costly than the normal chargers we have around but it can serve as a reliable backup considering the problem and solution above a power bank for laptop charger it is needed in day to day activity especially people who are very busy and work extensively with mobile gadgets such as laptops, notebooks, palmtops etc. However human wants are insatiable but I believe this project will serve its purpose well to satisfaction of the user.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of content – – – – – – – – vii
List of table – – – – – – – – – ix
List of figures – – – – – – – – x
List of plate – – – – – – – – – xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTODUCTION – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background theory – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of problem – – – – – – 2
1.3 Significance of project – – – – – – 3
1.4 Objective of study – – – – – – – 3
1.4.1 Scope of study – – – – – – – 3
1.4.2 Limitation of the study – – – – – – 4
1.5 Definition of terms – – – – – – 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – 5
2.1 History of battery Charger – – – – – 5
2.2 Variable Battery Charger – – – – – 6
2.3 Voltage Regulator – – – – – – – 7
2.3.1 LM317 – – – – – – – – 8
2.3.2 LM337 – – – – – – – – 8
2.4 Linear Regulator – – – – – – – 8
2.5 Current Regulator – – – – – – – 9
2.6 Electronic Voltage Regulator – – – – – 10
2.7 Zener Controlled Transistor Voltage Regulator – – 10
2.7.1 Zener Controlled Transistor Series Voltage Regulator – 11
2.7.1.1 Operation – – – – – – – – 12
2.7.1.2 Limitation – – – – – – – – 13
2.7.2 Zener Controlled Transistor Shunt Voltage – – – 13
2.7.2.1 Operation – – – – – – – – 14
2.7.2.2 Limitation – – – – – – – – 15
2.8 Discrete Transistor Voltage Voltage Regulator – – 15
2.8.1 Discrete Transistor Series Voltage Regulator – – 15
2.8.2 Discrete Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator – – 16
2.8.2.1 Limitation of Transistor Voltage Regulator – – – 17
2 9 Electromechanical Regulator – – – – – 17
2.10 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) – – – – 18
2.11 Constant Voltage Transistor (CVT) – – – – 18
CHAPTER THRE
30 METHODOLOGY – – – – – – 19
3.1 Design Analysis – – – – – – – 19
3.1.1 Variable Output Current for charging the laptop – – 19
3.2 Selection of materials – – – – – – 20
3.3 Construction procedure – – – – – – 21
3.4 Bill of engineering materials – – – – – 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION – – – – – 23
4.1 Performance test – – – – – – – 23
4.2 Presentation of Result – – – – – – 23
4.3 Discussion of Result – – – – – – 24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION – – 25
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 25
5.2 Recommendation – – – – – – – 25
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – 26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A laptop or a notebook is a portable personal computer with a clean shell form factor, suitable for mobile use. It combines the components and input of a desktop computer including display, speakers, keyboards, and pointing devices (such as a touch pad or a track pad) into a single device.
A ‘laptop can be powered either from a rechargeable battery, or by mains of electricity via an A.C adapter. Laptop is a diverse category of devices and other more specific terms, such as rugged notebook or convertible refers to specialist types of laptops which have been optimize for specific uses. Hardware specifications change significantly between different types, make and models of laptops.
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY
A laptop or a notebook is a portable personal computer with a clean shell form factor, suitable for mobile use. Although there used to be a distinction between laptops and notebooks (the formal were bigger and heavier than the latter), there is often no longer any difference in practice. Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, including at work, in education, and for personal multimedia.(Wikipedia,20 15).
A laptop combines the components and input of a desktop computer including display, speakers, keyboards, and pointing devices (such as a touch pad or a track pad) into a single device. Most modern day laptops also have an integrated webcam and a microphone.
A laptop can be powered either from a rechargeable battery, or by mains of electricity via an A.C adapter. Laptop is a diverse category of devices and other more specific terms, such as rugged notebook or convertible refers to specialist types of laptops which have been optimize for specific uses. Hardware specifications change significantly between different types, make and models of laptops.
Portable computers, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small wide market, mostly for specialized field applications, such as the military, accountancy, for sales representative etc. As portable computers developed and became more like modern laptops, becoming smaller, lighter, and cheaper and more powerful, they became very widely for a variety of purpose.
The term laptop was coined in the early 80s to separate the mobile computers which can be used on our lap from early much heavier portable computers. Several years later, manufacturers started the production of even smaller portable devices with a reduced weight and sizes, and with a display roughly the size of a A4 paper and those were marketed as notebooks to oppose the existing much bulkier laptops.
The first laptop using the flip form factor appeared in the early 1980. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981 to 1982, but was not marketed intentionally until 1984 to 1985. The Givilan SC, released in 1983, was the first computer described as a laptop by its manufacturer, (Wikipedia,2015).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Most laptop rechargeable batteries do not supply electrical power for more than two hours. However, laptops are versatile tools that the users need all the time to perform certain tasks that span for more for two hours. This called for a need of an additional battery power bank that will extend the laptop usage hour.
Replacement of faulty battery is a mysterious task because our market is full of fake laptop batteries. You can predict the lifetime of a new laptop battery. Hence, there is a need for a reliable battery bank that will support the weak battery from the laptop manufacturer instead of replacing the battery with a fake one. For optimum laptop battery life, laptop must be charged to 100 percent whenever its power capacity falls to 10 percent. However, incessant power outage cannot allow this simple procedure to be observed. Hence, to observe the simple procedural precaution, a backup battery bank will need to be designed.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In recent times most of our appliances like laptops, mps, phones, iPods etc all uses rechargeable batteries. This battery can easily be charged by variable rechargeable charger .Instead of carrying different chargers for each gadget and waiting for power supply most of the time. The idea behind it all was that one can easily charge gadget with different rating with just one charger. The rechargeable battery itself is much less expensive over time and it provides a longer run time at a higher power rating in most cases for our gadgets.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aims and objective of this study is:
- Construct a 12V DC regulated power supply for power bank circuit.
- Construct a charging circuit for 12V battery charger using the constructed power supply above;
iii. Constructed a variable DC to DC converter that will convert 12V DC input to variable 0-30V DC output voltage.
1.4.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The power bank will be constructed for electronic devices that required voltage range from 0-30 Volts input voltage and a maximum of 2 Amperes (2A) current.
1.4. 2 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The power bank can only supply a voltage between the ranges of 0-30V. Hence, it cannot be used to power any device that needs voltage more than 30V. Also, its maximum current supply is two amperes (2A).
1.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
- Transformer: Is a static electromagnetic device that changes the level of voltage without change in frequency.
- Resistor: Is a component that transmits current in direct proportion to the voltage across it.
- Capacitor: Is an electrical component capable of storing an electronic charge.
- Diode: Is an electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction.
- Lead acid battery: Is a battery that is used for storage in back up power supply.
- Integrated (IC) LM3 17: Is an adjustable linear voltage regulator.
7.DC
- AC
- DC to DC Converter
- Power bank